> -. ■ JBHfc -» > » * > 

» >* > j > 

> > > •■) .-»-»>> >>:> ^ > * > 

>-> > > >> > , ,> > 

r> > • • _> ~>>Z» > 'y ~> J> > 

>^v£*> - > . • >> > - - » > 

— , , j» 3 » i» n J> j>j> > 

> , » » > 5£> »^> > 

Jfc> >,> > - >> O i »:> V 

» >> 3J>>, » > » > ;>>> > 



^ J>J>1^> 



> > »> 









>>> 

> > - g£> » i> 



Tut v ^> -3a»t_: 



»L2> 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 












>> > 



> y »» » »- 
>>• 


> > 


j>^ >J 


> > 


» ^ "> > 




j •> > > 






> > 


J 



:^ i> > » > . » > ^ 

^» • > > j» 

» - > > > 

^^ - > 

i> v >-> > > "TBiR^ 
i>^> » > >>^ 

>> > >> > » 
j> ■ >. . 
» ^ > 

» 5> > . >> J> *. ,> ■= 
►3> > >> 

> ^> 3^ y » > > 

) > >« 3* > > > 












> 
» > 



-> > •> ^o 

> > > > >J>>^L 

- > >.:> > .3 - » 

' >J> ;^> >_js» :??>>; 

1 >> >-» 



3 ^r*y> 






>:»»>> 

>:>:» 






'->> 


0> J»J»;^> _JK3C 


: I3^ 


>2>:»:^ n>; ;>:28 


cae 


^> : »r>'Oga 


^»j 


^ >_>■;> :»» 


2> 


a>^>r>J3Q» 


^>y- 


1 ::2>:3>:>^>3£3* 


E*>>: 


l2*> >>J»"7>_^S» 


3»Y 


12>>r>0^^' 


g» > " 


-^S* ~ Tfc^l ^fc -KT-^-V 


















> 



j> >■ > 





















i-> : ?if^ :> yK^p ^^> -^i^'^ 






>^»^»>5> 






^i> ^>L>:J3> 



>^>^>2)JL> 









-*-> ^2»>_3>J*^g> 









^^ ->=j>X>>5 









>_~S>>>"3>» 7> 7>-> 















Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueofhumanOOmeig 



CATALOGUE 



OP 



HUMAN CRANIA, 

IN THE COLLECTION OP THE 

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 

OF PHILADELPHIA: 

Based upon the Third Edition of Dr. Morton's " Catalogue of Skulls," &c. 



J. AITKEN MEIGS, M. D. 

Librarian of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c. 



" Of all the peculiarities in the form of the bony fabric, those of the skull are the most striking 
and distinguishing. It is in the head that we find the varieties most strongly characteristic of 
different races." — Prichard. 

" Hence our zoological study of man will be greatly assisted by carefully examining genuine speci- 
mens of the skulls of different nations, which are easily prepared and preserved, may be conve- 
niently handled and surveyed, considered in various points of view, and compared to each other." 

Lawkesce. 



PHILADELPHIA. 
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO 

1857. 



z*fifJL 



■ V\c 



MERRIIIEW & THOMPSON, PRINTERS. 



EXPLANATORY NOTE. 



Since the death of the late lamented President of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences, — Dr. Samuel George Morton, — his magnificent Col- 
lection of Human Crania, recently increased by the receipt of 67 skulls 
from various sources, has been permanently deposited in the Museum of 
the Academy. Prior to his demise, Dr. M. had received 100 crania in 
addition to those mentioned in the third edition of his Catalogue. Since 
1849, therefore, the Collection has been augmented by the addition of 167 
skulls. To complete the Catalogue in a uniform manner, these have been 
carefully numbered and measured in accordance with the methods re- 
corded in the Crania Americana, &c. In a portion of these measurements 
I was kindly assisted by our fellow-member, Dr. Thos. J. Turner of the 
United States Navy. 

The entire Collection, — numbering 1035 crania, — was purchased by 
forty-two gentlemen* from the executors of Dr. Morton, for the sum of 
$4,000, and by them generously presented to the Academy. 

The Collection occupies 16 cases on the first gallery, on the south side 
of the lower room of the Museum. For convenience of study and exam- 
ination I have grouped the crania according to Pace, Family, Tribe, &c, 
strictly adhering, however, to the classification of Dr. Morton. It will 
be seen, also, that the same arrangement has been adopted in this edition 
of the Catalogue, so that it is an exact representation of the Collection as 
it stands upon the shelves. While the old numbering has been carefully 
preserved for the sake of reference to the various published descriptions 
of Dr. Morton, new numbers have been added to designate the position 
of any skull in the natural division or subdivision to which it belongs. 

The Suevic, Cimbric and Scandinavian divisions of the great Teutonic 
Pace, are represented by 32 crania and 3 casts, distributed as follows : 

* Their names are as follows: — Charles Henry Fisher, Thomas Biddle, Henry J. 
Williams, Charles D. Meigs, Thomas T. Lea, John Farnum, John A. Brown, William 
Welsh, Richard Price, Morris L. Hallowell, Joseph D. Brown, William Piatt, Joseph 
Swift, Singleton A. Mercer, A. J.Lewis Geo. W. Carpenter, Geo. B. Wood, J.Francis 
Fisher, David S.Brown, John B. Meyers, Lewis R. Ashhurst, Caleb Cope, Richard D. 
Wood, Samuel V. Merrick, James Dundas, J. Pemberton Hutchinson, Henry Pepper, John 
Cooke, John Lambert, Robert Pearsall, Joseph S. Lovering, J. G. Fell, Caspar W. Pen- 
nock, John Grigg, Joseph Jeanes, Thomas P. Remington, John Price Wetherill, Henry 
Seybert, Thomas McEwen, Robert Swift, Jacob G. Morris, and Wm. S. Vaux. (See 
Proceedings of the Academy, Vol. VI. pp. 321, 324. 



4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 

1 Norwegian, 7 Swedish peasants, 2 Swedes from Finland, 3 Swedes from 
Sndermanland, 1 Ostrogoth, 1 Tnrannic Swede, 2 Cimbric Swedes, 1 
Oimbrian from Bffoen Island, 11 Germans, 1 Dutchman, 4 Prussians, and 
I AmuMit Bnrgundian. Among these I have also placed 3 Swedish-Finns. 
which, thongh mixed, are more Swedish than Finnish. Next to these 
from their affinity, have been arranged the heads of 9 true Finns and a 
cast of a Finlander's skull. 

Of 4 Swedish peasants, the highest internal capacity is 99, the 
lowest 65, while the average of the group is 83 cubic inches. Of 2 Swedes 
from Finland, the larger is 107.5, the smaller 93.75, and the mean 100.62. 
Of 3 Swedes from Sudermanland, the highest measurement gives 108.25, 
the lowest L02, and the mean 101.41 inches. Of two Cimbric Swedes, the 
higher is 94, the lower 80, the mean 87. Of 10 German heads, the highest 
is 104, the lowest 70, and the mean of the series 88.6. The skull of a 
Dutch gentleman (No. 434) is the largest in the entire collection, for it 
measures 114 cubic inches of internal capacity. Four Prussian skulls 
give 92 for the highest, 80 for the lowest, and 83.5 for the mean. The 
average for this branch of the Teutonic Family, as deduced from the 
foregoing measurements is about 94 cubic inches. 

Of 3 Swedish Finns, the highest internal capacity is 89, the lowest 85, 
and the mean 87 inches. Of 9 true Finns, the highest is 112.5, the lowest 
81.5, the mean 94.3. A large portion of this valuable series— from Nos. 
1545 to 1550, and from 1542 to 1541,— were received from Prof. Retzius. 
after the death of Dr. Morton. 

Many of the above Crania "have been obtained from hospitals and 
institutions for paupers, whence we may infer that they pertain to the 
least cultivated portion of their race."* The brief histories attached to 
Nos. 1539, 1540, 1542 and 1546, were written in the Danish language, on 
slips of paper, which had been placed in the cavity of each cranium. Of 
these I obtained translations through the kindness of Dr. L. Elsberg. 

The Anglo-Saxon race differs from the Teutonic in having a less 
spheroidal and more decidedly oval cranium. 

11 1 have not hitherto exerted myself to obtain crania of the Anglo- 
Saxon race, except in the instance of individuals who have been signalized 
by their crimes ; and this number is too small to be of any importance in 
a generalization like the present. Yet, since these skulls have been 
procured without any reference to their size, it is remarkable that live 
give an average of 96 cubic inches for the bulk of the brain ; the smallest 
head measuring 91, and the largest 105 cubic inches. It is necessary to 
observe, however, that these arc all male crania ; but on the other hand- 
they pertained to the lowest class of society, and three of them died on 
the gallows for the crime of murder." 



♦This and the following quotations are taken from the unfinished memoir left by Dr. 
Morton. The MS was kindly loaned to me by his son, Mr. Robert P. Morton. 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 5 

"The Anglo-Americans, the lineal descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, 
conform in all their characteristics to the parent-stock. They possess, in 
common with their English ancestors, and in consequence of their amal- 
gamation, a more elongated head* than the unmixed Germans. The few 
crania in my possession have, without exception, been derived from the 
lowest and least cultivated portion of the community — malefactors, paupers 
and lunatics. The largest brain has been 97 cubic inches ; the smallest, 
82 ; and the mean of 90 (nearly) accords with that of the collective 
Teutonic race. The sexes of these 7 skulls are 4 male and 3 female." 

"The Celts who, with the cognate Gauls, at one period, extended 
their tribes from Asia Minor to the British Islands, are now chiefly con- 
fined as an unmixed people to the west and south-west of Ireland, whence 
have been derived the 6 crania embraced in the Catalogue. These range 
between 97 as a maximum and 77 as a minimum of the size of the brain ; 
and the mean, which is 87 cubic inches, will probably prove to be above 
that of the entire race and not exceed 85." 

In the following table, the reader will find some of the European races 
compared together in relation to their cranial capacities. 

TABLE L 

European Crania. 





FlNNS. 


Swedes. 


Germans. 


Anglo- 
Saxons. 


Anglo- 
Americans. 


Kelts. 


ClMBRI. 


No. ia 




JVo. in 




JVo. in 




No. in 




No. in 




No. in 




No. in 






Cata- 


I. C. 


Cata- 


i. a 


Cata- 


i.e. 


Cata- 


/. a 


Cata- 


/. a 


Cata- 


i.e. 


Cata- 


i.e. 




logue. 




logue. 




logue. 




logue. 




logue. 




logue. 




logue. 




1534 


94.5 


1486 


99. 


706 


94. 


80 


91 


552 


97 


21 


93 


1255 


80 


M 


1535 


97.5 


1545 


107.5 


1063 


86. 


539 


92 


999 


91 


42 


97 


1532 


80 


1536 


112.5 


1546 


93.75 


1188 


85. 


991 


105 


1108 


95 


52 


82 


1550 


94 


1537 


84.25 


1547 


102. 


1189 


78. 


59 


99 






985 


93 






s 


1538 


105. 


1548 


94. 


1191 


95. 










1186 


77 






1539 


81.5 


1549 


108.25 


1187 


104. 










1564 


87.5 








1540 


88.5 






434 


114. 




















1541 


99. 






1065 


92. 




























1066 


80. 


















Mean. 


95.34 




100.75 
85. 




92. 




96.75 




94.33 




88.25 




84.66 






1247 


1064 


91. 






7 


83. 


18 


78. 


1249 


83 








1487 


65. 


1062 


93. 






24 


82. 










-J 










1192 


82. 




























1193 


80. 


















< 


Mean of two Sexes. 


94.31 




90.3 








89.6 




86.78 




84.25 



In the above table, the reader will observe the high cranial capacities 
of the Swedes, Finns, and Germans; he will also perceive that the Anglo- 



* "This peculiarity must continue to develop itself still more obviously in the United 
States, in consequence of the immense influx of a pure Celtic population from the south 
and west of Ireland ; for this population by intermarriage with families of English and 
German descent, while it rapidly loses its own national physiognomy, will leave its traces 
in a part at least of the Anglo-Saxon race by whom it is every where surrounded." 



6 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 

Saxons and Anglo- Americans possess the same large average ; while the 
mean for the Kelts and Gimbri is several inches less. It is a enrions fact, 
that in the column marked " Kelts," Nos. 21, 42, 52, and 985 exhibit the 
Gothic type, and have generally the high internal capacity of the Northern 
: while Nos. 18, 118G, and 15G4, which are of the Cimbric type, 
possess a lower internal capacity. The Table is not extensive enough to 
upon this interesting fact any positive conclusion ; but as far as this 
fad goes, it appears to indicate that the Cimbric and Keltic types of 
skull are closely allied, if not indeed identical. 

" I much regret that my cranial series possesses but a single example 
derived from the Sclavonic race, the skull of a woman of Olmutz, sent me 
by Prof. Retains, and which measures only — inches.* I record this de- 
ficiency in my collection, in the hope that some person interested in pur- 
suits of this nature may be induced to provide me with materials foi 
making the requisite comparisons. My impression is that the Sclavonic 
brain will prove much less voluminous than that of the Teutonic race.'' 

••] do not use the term Pelasgic with ethnological precision, but in this 
designation place the Greeks and Romans, and their descendants in 
various parts of Europe, Greece and Italy, and in more isolated ex- 
amples, in Spain, France and Britain. In the same category I place the 
Persians, Armenians, Circassians, Georgians and many other kindred 
tribes, together with the Grae co-Egyptians. 

"Of 4 adult Circassian crania, brought me by Mr. Gliddon, two 
male and two female. The former, which we may suppose, from appear- 
ances, to have been associated with a full share of manly beauty, measure 
00 and 94 cubic inches of internal capacity; the female heads measure 7<» 
and 80; whence we obtain 8G cubic inches as the mean of all. One of 
;hese skulls, that of a woman who had passed the prime of life, is remark- 
able for the harmony of its proportions, and especially for the admirable 
conformation of the nasal bones. 

••Of A adult Armenian skulls, 3 pertain to men; and the average size 
of the brain is but 83 cubic inches. I have felt some hesitancy in admit- 
ting these skulls in this place, for two reasons: 1st, because their charac- 
teristics incline almost as much to the Arab type as to the Pelasgic ; and. 
2dly, because the term Armenian is not always used in a strictly national 
sense in the East, but is applied to a class of merchants whose ethnologi- 
cal afhnities must be often very mixed and uncertain. 

•'I possess, through the kindness of Mr. Gliddon, two female V 
skulls, which, though small, present a beautiful form. One measures 89 
•ubic inches, the other only 75." 

Of 'i:\ Greco-Egyptian heads, the highest internal measurement is 07 
cubic inches, the lowest 73, and the mean 86.11, which is about "7 cubic 
.aches ab< ve that of the pure Egyptian race, and but three in 
than the average I have assumed for the Teutonic nations. * 

* I find upon i ■xamination, Uiat this head, in its present condition, is incapable of 
it, in consequence of the presence of the falx cerebri and tentorium. 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 

Some of these present the most beautiful Caucasian proportions, while 
others merge by degrees into the Egyptian type ; and I am free to admit 
that in various instances I have been at a loss in my attempts to classify 
these two great divisions of the Nilotic series." 

The Semitic race "includes the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Syrians, and 
Lydians of antiquity, together with the Arabians and Hebrews." 

"Five of my embalmed Semitic heads are susceptible of measurement; 
and give the low average of 82 cubic inches — the largest measuring 88 ; 
the smallest 69.* In these crania, and also in others of existing Semitic 
tribes, I have looked in vain for the pit described by Mulder as situated 
on the outer wall of the orbit at the attachment of the temporal muscles ; 
and consequently there is no trace of the corresponding elevation, also 
described by him, within the orbitar cavity. 

"I have had but little success in procuring the crania of the modern 
Semitic tribes ; and for the 3 that I possess, I am indebted to Mr. Glid- 
don. Of these, two are Baramka, or Barmecide Arabs; the third a Be- 
douin. The largest measures 98 cubic inches; the smallest 84; and the 
mean is 89 ; but if we take the average of these 8 Semitic heads, ancient 
and modern, it will be 85 inches." 

The Nilotic race comprises the ancient Egyptians of the pure stock. 
and the modern Fellahs. Most of the Egyptian skulls were presented by 
Messrs. G. R. and W. A. Gliddon, A. C. Harris, of Alexandria, in Egypt, 
and Dr. Chas. Pickering. Of the 88 crania which present the Egyptian 
conformation, 55 are capable of measurement. At least eleven of these 
heads " are of the unmixed type, and present the long, oval form, with a 
slightly receding forehead, straight or gently aquiline nose, and a some- 
what retracted chin. The whole cranial structure is thin, delicate, and 
symmetrical, and remarkable for its small size. The face is narrow, and 
projects more than in the European, whence the facial angle is two de- 
grees less, or 78°. Neither in these skulls, nor in any others of the Egyp- 
tian series, can I detect those peculiarities of structure pointed out by 
the venerable Blumenbach in his Decades Craniorum ; and the externa! 1 
meatus of the ear, whatever may have been the form or size of the carti- 
laginous portion, is precisely where we find it in all the other races of 
men. The hair, whenever any of it remains, is long, curling, and of the 
finest texture." 

" On comparing these crania with many fac similes of monumental effi- 
gies, most kindly sent me by Prof. Lepsius and M. Prisse d'Avesnes, I 
am compelled, by a mass of irresistible evidence, to modify the opinion 
expressed in the Crania JEgyptiaca — viz : that the Egyptians were an 
Asiatic people. Seven years of additional investigation, together with 
greatly increased materials, have convinced me that they were neither 
Asiatics nor Europeans, but aboriginal and indigenous inhabitants of the 
Valley of the Nile, or some contiguous regions ;f peculiar in their phy- 

* Crania iEgyptiaca, pp. 41 and 46, and the accompanying plates, 
t This opinion, with some modifications, has been entertained by several learned 
Egyptologists — Champollion, Heeren, Lenormant, &c. 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 

siognomy, isolated in their institutions, and forming one of the primordial 
centres of the human family." 

{)[' the 55 measured Egyptian heads, the largest measures but 96 cubic 
inches; the smallest 68; while the mean of all is about 80. The crania 
from the ancient tombs of (tizch give an average of about 84 inches. 
Concerning these Dr. Morton Bays: "The persons whose bodies had re- 
posed in these splendid mausolea were, no doubt, of the highest and most 
cultivated class of Egyptian citizens; and this fact deserves to be con- 
sidered in connection with the present inquiry. To this we may add that 
the most deficient part of the Egyptian skull is the coronal region, which 
is extremely low, while the posterior chamber is remarkably full and pro- 
minent." 

i)\' ID Fclla^ skulls, the highest measurement is 9G cubic inches; the 
lowest 66; and the mean of all about 79. Nos. 771, 772, and 773 were 
sent by Mr. GHiddon as Jewish crania, but Dr. Morton, guided by their 
form, has classified them, perhaps erroneously, with the Fellahs. Mr. 
(Hidden, in a note in "Types of Mankind" (p. 723, No. 390) says : "They 
came from the old Jewish burial-ground, behind Muss 'r-cl-Ateeka, on the 
desert, toward Bussatcen ; and no Muslim is interred near a Jew." 

From the form of the skull, the mental and moral character of the peo- 
ple, and their existing institutions, such as phallic worship, Dr. Morton 
considers these Fellahs or Arab-Egyptians of the present day to be the 
lineal descendants of the ancient rural or agricultural Egyptians blended 
with the intrusive Arabian stock. 

•The skull of the Fellah is strikingly like that of the ancient Egyptian. 
It is long, narrow, somewhat flattened on the sides, and very prominent 
in the occiput. The coronal region is low, the forehead moderately re- 
ceding, the nasal bones long and nearly straight, the cheek-bones small. 
the maxillary region slightly prognathous, and the whole cranial struc- 
ture thin and delicate. But notwithstanding these resemblances between 
the Fellah and Egyptian skulls, the latter possess what may be called an 
otteologicai exprestion, peculiar to themselves, and not seen in the Fel- 
lah." 

••Of 35 adult Indostanic skulls in the collection, 8 only can be identified 
with tribes of the Ayra* or conquering race ; nor even in this small num- 
ber is there unequivocal proof of the affinity in question. The largest 
head in the series, that of a Brahmin, who was executed in Calcutta for 
murder, measures 91 cubic inches for the size of the brain — the smallest 
head 79. Two others pertain to Thuggs, remarkable for an elongated form 
and lateral flatness. The mean of these Ayra heads is 86 cubic inches." 



• A fair race, with Sanscrit speech, whose primal seats were in Eastern Persia. They now 
occupy the country between the Himalaya Mountains on the North, the Vindya on the 
South, and between the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal — a region known as Ayra. 
oarta, ©r India Proper. 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 9 

li Contrasted with this people, and occupying the country adjacent to 
the Bay of Bengal, are the Bengalees — small of stature, feeble in consti- 
tution, and timid in disposition. They are obviously an aboriginal race, up- 
on whom a foreign language has been imposed ; and are far inferior, both 
mentally and physically, to the true Ayras. "Weak and servile themselves, 
they are surrounded by warrior castes ; and perhaps the most remarkable 
feature of their character is the absence of will, and implicit obedience to 
those who govern them." 

Of these child-like people, the Collection embraces 26 adult crania, of 
which the largest measures 90 cubic inches ; the smallest 67 ; and the mean 
of all is 78. 

The Mongolian group has received several additions since the death of 
Dr. Morton. It is at present represented by 17 crania and 4 casts, distri- 
buted as follows : — 11 Chinese, 1 Japanese, 1 Burat-Mongol, 1 Kamschat- 
kan, 1 Kalmuck, 5 Laplanders, and 6 Eskimos. 

Of ten Chinese crania, the largest measures 98 cubic inches ; the small- 
est 70 ; while the mean is about 85. Through the kindness of Mr. Cramer, 
of St. Petersburgh, a well marked Kalmuck skull has been added to the Col- 
lection. It measures 93.75 cubic inches of internal capacity. Two true Lap- 
lander's skulls measure respectively 94 and 102 inches; while a hybrid Lap- 
land skull gives 78.75. Of the 4 Eskimo crania, presented by the late Dr. E. 
K. Kane, the largest internal capacity is 98 ; the smallest 80.5 ; giving a mean 
for all of 85.94. During his stay in this city, Mr. Combe, the Phrenologist, 
loaned to Dr. Morton three Eskimo skulls, which were brought from the 
Polar regions by C apt. Parry. The average measurement of these was 
86.83 inches.* The mean size of the brain of this remarkable and inter- 
esting Hyperborean people, (as deduced from this series of 7 skulls,) is 
therefore about 86.32 inches. 

The Malay group comprises 26 crania of Malays proper, and 12 Poly- 
nesians. The largest Malay skull measures " 97 cubic inches; the smallest 
68 ; and they give a mean of 86 ; a large brain for a roving and unculti- 
vated people, who possess, however, the elements of civilization and re- 
finement." The largest portion of this series has been collected with eth- 
nological precision, "and so much resemble each other as to remind us of 
the remark of Mr. Crawfurd — that the true Malays are alike among them- 
selves, but unlike all other nations. * * * * They have a rounded cranium, 
with a remarkable vertical diameter and ponderous structure. The face is 
flat, the cheek-bones square and prominent, the ossa nasi long and more 
or less flattened, and the whole maxillary structure strong and salient." 

The Polynesian family is represented by 7 Kanaka, 1 New Zealand and 1 
Marquesan skulls. The Kanaka crania give a mean of 83 cubic inches of 
internal capacity. 

The great American group is, in several respects, well represented in 
the Collection. It includes 490 crania, and 13 casts, making a total of 503 

* Crania Americana, p. 247. 



10 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 



from nearly TO different nations and tribes. Of this large number 256 be- 
bo the Toltecan Race,* and 217 to the Barbarous Tribes scattered 
the continent. It will thus bo seen that they are nearly equally di- 
vided between the two primary divisions of this group. 

Of L64 measurements of crania of the Barbarous Tribes, the largest is 
I'll cubic inches ; the smallest 01) ; and the mean of all 84. One hundred 
and fifty-two Peruvian skulls give 101 cubic inches for the largest internal 
capacity, 58 for the smallest, and 75.3 as the average of all. Of 25 skulls 
of the Mexican Family, the largest measures 92; the smallest 07 ; while the 
mean is 81.7 inches. The number of cranial measurements and themeans 
ofthese measurements forthe different tribes, &c, ofthe two American Fam- 
ilies, are given below in a tabular form. 

TABLE II. 

American Crania. 



t> rr No. of skulls Mean 

Barbarous Tribes. m J lwndm { L c 



North Americans. 

Arickarees 3 

Assinaboins 3 

Chenouks 4 

Oregon Tribes 5 

Cherokees 4 

Chetimaches 2 

Chippcwavs ... 2 

Cotonay 3 

Creeks ••• 4 

Dacota l 

Ilurons • •• 4 

Iroquois • •• 2 

Lenane ••• 4 

Lipanfl 2 

Marxians ... 7 

Menominecs j... 7 

Miamis > r > 

MLinetaria 4 

Mohawks [••• 3 

Narragansetts 10 

••• 2 

3 

Ottawas 4 

Ottigamies - 

Pawnees - 

I'tMHlbsCOt ... 1 ' 

Pottawatomies '■'> 



Seminoles 

Shawnees 

Shoshones 

(Jpsarookas 

Winnebago* 

gamassee 

California^ 



7G 

00 

79 

82 

88.7 

79.5 

91 

86 

88.7 

90 

81.5 

9G 

79.5 

91.5 

83.5 

84 

86 

86.5 

84 

81 

82.5 

85.6 

81.7 

93.5 

7-1.5 

80 

91 

90.7 

84 

89.6 

80.7 

94 

H9 

70 

87 



Barbarous Tribes, j 


No. of skulls 
measured. 


Miscellaneous, "| 

Mound, Caves, >■ 

Uncertain, &c. J 


... 27 ... 
... 1 ... 


South Americans. 
Araucanians 


... 7 ... 


Brazilians 


... 3 


Charib 


1 


Toltecan Race. 

Peruvian Family. 
Arica 


... 14 ... 


Pachacamac 


... 77 ... 


Pisco 


... 44 ... 


Santa 




Lima 




Miscellaneous 


... 7 ... 


Mexican Family. 
Tlahuica 


... 1 ... 


Azteck 


... 2 ... 


Otumba 


... 3 ... 


Tacuba 


... 3 ... 


Otomie 


... 5 ... 


Chechemeean 


... 1 ... 


Tla scalan 


... 1 ... 


Panics 


2 


M iscellaneous 


... 4 ... 


Modern .Mexicans 


... 3 ... 



Mean 
J. C 



84.8 

91 

76 

73.6 

89 



79 

74.9 

74 

78 

78 



84 
80.5 
B2.I 
B1.6 

7<>.t 
83 
84 
79 ' 
87 



•%■• It' we take the collective races of 
America, civilized ami savage, we line 
that the average size of the brain, 

measured in the whole series of 341 

skulls, is but SO. 3 cubic inches. 



• 'I'lit Toltecan Race i mbracea the scmi-civilizcd communities of Mexico, Bogota anu 
Pern 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 11 

The Negro Group embraces 117 skulls and 2 casts, divided as follows : 
16 American-born negroes, 88 native Africans, 2 Hovahs of Madagascar, 
11 Australians, and 2 Oceanic Negroes. Of the American-born Negroes, 
the largest measurement is 86; the smallest 73; while the mean is 80.8. 
The largest of the native African series is 99 ; the smallest 65 ; and the 
mean of 64 measurements is 83.7. For the Hottentot family, 3 skulls 
give a mean of 75.3 cubic inches ; two Hovah skulls of Madagascar average 
82.5 ; and lastly the Alforian family gives for 8 Australian crania 75, and 
for two skulls of Oceanic Negroes 76.5 cubic inches. 

Under the head of Mixed Races have been placed 5 Coptic (3 ancient 
and 2 modern), 12 Negroid Egyptian, 4 Nubian, 2 Hispano-Peruvian, 3 
Negroid Indian, 1 Hispano-Indian, 1 Malayo-Chinese, and 2 Mulatto 
crania. 

" Almost every investigation into the lineage of the Copts results in 
considering them a mixed progeny of ancient Egyptians, Berabera, Ne- 
groes, Arabs, and Europeans ; and these characteristics are so variously 
blended as to make the Copts one of the most motley and paradoxical 
communities in the world. The Negro traits are visible, in greater or 
less degree, in a large proportion of this people, and are distinctly seen 
in the three skulls in my possession." 

Eighteen crania of lunatics and idiots, seven illustrative of growth, 
two phrenologically marked, and eleven of uncertain origin, complete 
the Collection. 

Extensive and unique as is this Collection, it is, nevertheless, still too 
limited to justify any positive and comprehensive conclusions concerning 
the great fundamental problems of Ethnology. That it will be capable, 
when sufficiently extended, of throwing much light upon these obscure 
and unsettled questions is amply attested by the scientific publications of 
Dr. Morton. It is earnestly hoped, therefore, that this magnificent nu- 
cleus, the result of much pecuniary sacrifice and many years of enthusias- 
tic labor on the part of its late illustrious owner and founder, will not be 
neglected, but that its efficiency will be increased, and the objects for 
which it was gathered together attained by contributions from all who 
may be interested in the advancement of this youngest, most intricate, 
and most important of the sciences. 

The Norwegians and Danes of the Scandinavian race, the Bas-Bretons, 
the Celtic Scotch, Welsh, Spanish, and Portuguese, the ancient and mo- 
dern Greeks, the Magyar people, the great Tartar and Scythic hordes, 
the entire Basque family, and many other races, are without a single re- 
presentative in the Collection. Of the Polar and Tchudic Families it 
contains but 4 and 9 skulls respectively; while the ancient Romans and 
their descendants, the modern Trasteverini beyond the Tiber, the great 
Sclavic race, and the Berber tribes, are each represented by but one 
skull. 

These deficiencies — and many others could easily be particularized— 



[ 2 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 



;i re- 



recorded in the hope that the attention of the scientific community 
being directed to them, they will sooner or later be supplied. 
Hall of flu Academy, December, 1855. 



N T E . 

From my paper on the Cranial Characteristics of the Races of Men 
contributed to the fort h-eoming work of Messrs. Nottand Gliddon, entitled 
"Indigenous Races of the Earth," I have selected and embodied in the 
Catalogue several brief paragraphs descriptive of some of the heads in the 
Collection. These paragraphs are enclosed in brackets, thus, [ ]. 

For the use of the wood-cuts which embellish the succeeding pages, 
and which were originally executed for Crania Americana, Crania iEgyp- 
tiaca, Types of Mankind, and Indigenous Races of the Earth, I am in- 
debted to the kindness of Messrs. G. R. Gliddon and R, P. Morton. 

February, 1857. 



INTRODUCTION.* 



I commenced the study of Ethnology in 1830 ; in which year, having 
occasion to deliver an introductory lecture on Anatomy, it occurred to 
me to illustrate the difference in the form of the skull as seen in the five 
great races of men. After the lapse of but twenty years, the fact seems 
strange even to myself, that when I sought the materials for my proposed 
lecture, I found to my surprise that they could be neither bought nor 
borrowed. Caucasian and Negro crania were readily procured, and two 
or three Indian skulls were placed at my disposal; but for the Mongolian 
and Malay I inquired in vain. I resolved, therefore, to supply this re- 
markable deficiency in an important branch of science ; and much time? 
toil, and expense have been rewarded by the acquisition of 867f human 
skulls and 601 of the inferior animals.. Yet I need hardly add, that had 
it not been for the exertions of my friends in every quarter of the globe 
my object would have remained unaccomplished. The following pages 
afford emphatic evidence on this point ; and it gives me great pleasure 
thus to record the kindness of those persons who have aided me in an 
enterprise that, for obvious reasons, has been attended by many diffi- 
culties. 

The primary motive in making the following Collection, has been to 
compare the characters of the cranium in the different races of men, and 
these again with the skulls of the inferior animals ; not only in reference 
to exterior form, but also to internal capacity as indicative of the size of 
the brain. 

Beside these strictly Ethnographic objects, some others of a different 
and subordinate kind have been had in view; such as pathological condi- 
tions of the skull from diseases and from wounds ; remarkable develop- 
ments illustrative of the principles of Phrenology, and preternatural 
growths of every description. 

The Indian crania contained in this series have received my especial 
attention, both in respect to their number and authenticity, for they have 
been collected with great care by the gentlemen whose names are asso- 
ciated with them. In every instance where a doubt is entertained as to 
the tribe or nation to which the skull belonged, it is expressed by a mark 
of interrogation ; and where no clue exists for such information, the defi- 
ciency is noted accordingly. I have sometimes had the skulls of both 

* Reprinted from the Catalogue of Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals, in the 
Collection of Samuel George Morton, M. D., Philada , 1849. 
t Since increased to 1035. 



14 



INTRODUCTION. 



Europeans and African? Bent mo by mistake for those of Indians; that 
these Bhonld occasionally be mingled in the same cemeteries is readily 
understood; bnl a practised eye can separate them without difficulty. 

Larue as this Collection already is. a glance at the Ethnological Table 
will show that it is very deficient in some divisions of the human family. 
ixample it contains no skulls of the Eskimaux, Pnegians, Califor- 
or Brazilians. The distorted heads of the Oregon tribes are also 
but partially represented, while the long-headed people of the Lake of 
Titicaca, in Bolivia, are altogether wanting. Skulls of the great divi- 
-f the Caucasian and Mongolian races are also too few for satisfac- 
tory comparison, and the Sclavonic and Tchudic (Finnish) nations, to- 
srwith the Mongol tribes of Northern Asia and China, are among 
the especial desiderata of this Collection.* 

The following analysis exhibits an Ethnographic view of the materials 
embraced in the entire series.f 



I. Caucasian Group. 

1. Scandinavian Race. 

Norwegian 1 

Swedish Peasants 1 

Finland Swedes 2 

Sudermanland Swedes 3 

Ostrogoth 1 

Turannic Swede 1 

Oimbric Swedes 3 

?h Finns 3 

21 
2. Finnish or Tchudic Race. 
True Finns 10 

3. 8 

Germans 1 1 

Dutchman 1 

Prussian? 4 

Burgundian 1 

IT 
4. Anglo-Saxon. 
English 4 



5. Anglo-American. 8 

6. Celtic Race. 

Irish 8 

Celtic (?) heads from Catacombs of 

Paris 4 

Celt (?) from the field of Waterloo.. 1 



L3 



7. Sclavonic Race. 
Sciavonians 2 

8. Felasgic Racc.i 

Ancient Phoenician 1 

Ancient Roman 

Greek 

Circassians 

Armenians 

Parsees 

Anglian 

Graeco-Egyptians 



39 



,<e this paragraph was written, 6 Eskimo, 2 Californian, 7 Brazilian, 1 Sclavonic, 
L3 Furnish, 1 Kalmuck, 2 Laplander, 1 Japanese, and 4 Chinese skulls have been added 
to the Collection. 

t In consequence of the numerous additions to the Collection since 1849. the above 
analytical table has been necessarily modified from that presented in the third edition of 
[1 is proper to observe that this table is not an attempt at scientific 
:. but simply an arrangement adopted for convenience of study and exami- 
nation. 

Morton used the term PekugXC too comprehensively. The Circassians, Armc- 
I Persians should not be placed in this group. 



INTRODUCTION. 



15 



9. Semitic Race. 

Arabs 5 

Hebrews 8 

Abyssinian 1 

14 

10. Berber Race (9). 
Guanche 1 

1 1 . Nilotic Race. 

Ancient Theban Egyptians 34 

" Memphite " 17 

" Abydos " 2 

" Alexandrian" 3 

Egyptians from Gizeh 16 

' Kens or Ancient Nubians 4 

Otnbite Egyptians 3 

Maabdeh Egyptians 4 

Miscellaneous 5 

Fellahs 19 

107 
12. Indostanic Race. 

Ayras(?) 6 

Thuggs 2 

Bengalees 32 

Uncertain 3 

43 
13. Indo-Chinese Race. 
Burmese ." 2 

11. Mongolian Group. 
1. Chinese Race. 

Chinese 11 

Japanese 1 

12 
2. Hyperborean Race. 

Burat Mongol 1 

Kamschatkan 1 

Kalmuck .^ 1 

Laplanders 4 

Hybrid Laplander 1 

Eskimo 6 

14 
III. Malay Group. 

1. Malayan Race. 

Malays 24 

Dyaks 2 

26 
2. Polynesian Race. 

Kanakas 7 

New Zealanders 4 

Marquesas 1 



12 



IV. American Group. 

1. Barbarous Race. 

a. North Americans. 

Arickarees 3 

Assinaboins 3 

Chenouks , 8 

Oregonians 5 

Cherokees 6 

Chetimaches 2 

Chippeways 2 

Cotonays 3 

Creeks 4 

Dacotas 3 

Hurons 4 

Iroquois 3 

Illinois 2 

Klikatat 2 

Lenapes 10 

Mandans 7 

Menominees 7 

Miamis 12 

Minetaris , 4 

Mohawks 3 

Naas 2 

Narragansetts 10 

Natchez 2 

Naticks 5 

Nisqually l 

Osages 2 

Otoes ' 4 

Ottawas 4 

Ottigamies 4 

Pawnees 2 

Penobscots... 2 

Pottawatomies 4 

Sauks 3 

Seminoles 16 

Shawnees 4 

Shoshones 4 

Upsarookas 2 

Winnebagos 2 

Yamassees 3 

Californians 2 

Miscellaneous 46 

217 
b. Central Americans. 

Maya 1 

Fragments from Yucatan 2 

•j 
c. South Americans. 

Araucanians 12 

From Mounds 2 

Charibs 3 

Patagonians 3 

Brazilians 7 



10 



INTRODUCTION. 



2. Toll t can Race. 

a. Peruvian Family. 

Axicans 20 

Pachacamac 104 

02 

Santa 8 

Lima *7 

Callao 3 

Miscellaneous 9 

Elongated skulls from Titicaca, 

ec 8 

221 
h. Mexican Family. 

Ancient Mexicans 24 

Modern Mexicans 9 

Lipans 2 



35 

1G 
88 

2 



V. Negro Group. 
1. American born, 
2. Native Africans, 
3. Hoc as, 



4. Alforian Face. 

Australians 

Oceanic Negroes 



119 



VI. Mixed Racks. 

Copts 

Negroid Egyptians 

Nubians 

Hispano-Pernvians 

Negroid-Indians 

Hispano-Indian 

Malayo-Chinese 

Mulattoes 



YII. Lunatics and Idiots, 



o 
12 
4 
2 
3 
1 
1 
2 

30 
18 



VIII. Illustrative of Growth, 7 

riircnological Skulls, 2 

Nation uncertain, 11 

Total, *1035 



The letters 1\ A. express thefadal angle, and I. 0. refer to the inter- 
nal capacity of the cranium as obtained by the process invented by my 
friend, Mr. .1. S. Phillips, and described in my Crania Americana, p. 263, 
merely substituting leaden shot, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, in place 
of the white mustard-seed originally used. I thus obtain the absolute 
capacity of the cranium, or bulk of the brain, m cubic inches; and the 
results are annexed in all other instances in which I have had leisure to 
put this revised mode of measurement in practice. I have restricted it, 
at least for the purpose of my inferential conclusions, to the crania of 
persons of sixteen years of age and upwards, at which period the brain is 
believed to possess the adult size. Under this age, the capacity-measure- 
ment has only been resorted to for the purpose of collateral comparison. 

All the measurements in this Catalogue, both Of the facial angle and 
internal capacity, have been made with my own hands. I at one time 
employed a person to aid me in these elaborate and fatiguing details; but 

having detected some errors in his measurements, 1 have been at the 
pains to revise all that part of the series that had not been previously 
ed by myself! I can now, therefore, vouch for the accuracy of 
multitudinous data, which I cannot but regard as a novel and im- 
portant contribution to Ethnological science. 

it try to add, that the measurements originally published in 



• xi trepancy between this total and the highest number in the Catalogue 

itself, Owing to certain /lumbers haying been cancelled, and not refilled. 



INTRODUCTION. 



IT 



the Crania Americana were made with seeds, which will explain the dis. 
crepancy between the numbers observable in that work and this Cata- 
logue. The measurements of the Crania iEgyptiaca having been origin- 
ally made with shot, require no revision; nor' can I avoid expressing my 
satisfaction at the singular accuracy of this method, since a skull of an 
hundred cubic inches, if measured any number of times with reasonable 
care, will not vary a single cubic inch. 

I am now engaged in a memoir* which will embrace the detailed con- 
clusions that result from these data ; and meanwhile I submit the follow- 
ing tabular view of the prominent facts : — 

TABLE III. — Showing the Size of the Brain in cubic inches, as obtained from the 
internal measurement of 663 Crania of various Races and Families of3Ian.f 



RACES AND .FAMILIES. 



Modern Caucasian Group. 
Teutonic Family. 



Germans > 

Prussians £ 

English 

Anglo-Americans 



True Finns ■ 
Native Irish- 



Persians 
Armenians ■ 
Circassians • 



Tchudic Family. 

Celtic Family. 
Pelasgic Family. 



NO. OF 
SKULLS. 



Arabs ■ • 
Fellahs 



Semitic Family. 
Nilotic Family. 
Indostanic Family. 



Ayras 

Bengalees 

Ancient Caucasian Group. 
jg.3 ) Pelasgic Family. 

"§ 1 Grasco-Egyptians 

I J f Nilotic Family. 

'■*£ ) Egyptians 

Mongolian Group. 

Chinese Family 

Hyperborean Family 

Malay Group. 

Malayan Family 

Polynesian Family 

American Group. 
Toltecan Family 

Peruvians 

Mexicans 

Barbarous Tribes. 

Iroquois 

Lenape- 

Cherokee 

Shoshone, &c , 

Negro Group. 

American-born Negroes 

Native African Family 

Hottentot Family 

Alforian Family 

Australians 

Oceanic Negroes 



10 



18 



25 



LARGEST SMALLEST. 



108.25 
114 
105 
97 

112.5 

97 



96 



18 


97 


55 


96 


10 

8 


98 
102 


20 
5 


97 
90.5 


152 
25 


101 
92 



65 

70 

91 

82 

81.5 
78 

75 



94.3 



73 



78.75 



68 



^164 



104 



83 



81 



86 



87 



C5 



86 
84.3 



75.3 
81.7 



81.7 



S7 



84 



83.7 
75.3 



75 

76.5 



■ 82.25 



Extracts from it will be found in the fore- 



* Dr. Morton died before this memoir was completed. 
going Explanatory Note. 

1 1 have enlarged this Table by the addition of 40 measurements, with the effect of increasing the 
mean cranial capacity of the Teutonic Family, the Mongolian and American Groups bv 1 5 5 "and 
1 o cubic inches respectively; and slightly diminishing that of the Negro Group. In the preceding 
Explanatory IS ote the reader will find a more detailed account of these measurements, togethef 
with others which have been made since Dr. Morton's death. ' ^ lue£ 

2 



18 INTRODUCTION. 

Id this table the measurements of children, idiots and mixed races are 
omitted, excepting only in the instance of the Fellahs of Egypt, who. 
however, arc a blended stock of two Caucasian nations, — the true Egyp- 
tian and the intrusive Arab, in which the characteristics of the former 
greatly predominate. 

No mean lias been taken of the Caucasian race* collectively, because 
of the verygreal preponderance of Hindu, Egyptian, and Fellah skulls 
over those of the Germanic, Pelasgic and Celtic families. Nor could any 
just collective comparison be instituted between the Caucasian and Negro 
groups in such a table, unless the small-brained people of the latter divi- 
sion (Hottentots, Bushmen and Australians) were proportionate in number 
to the Eindoos, Egyptians and Fellahs of the other group. Such a com- 
putation, were it practicable, would probably reduce the Caucasian 
average to about 87 cubic inches, and the Negro to 78 at most, perhaps 
veil to 7."), and thus confirmatively establish the difference of at least 
nine cubic inches between the mean of the two races. f 

Philadelphia, Nov. 1, 1849. 

• It is necessary to explain what is here meant by the word race. Further researches 
into Ethnographic affinities will probably demonstrate that what are now termed the fivi 
races of men, would be more appropriately called groups — that each of these groups is 
main divisible into a greater or smaller number of primary races, each of which has ex- 
panded from an aboriginal nucleus or centre. Thus I conceive that there were several 
centres for the American group of races, of which the highest in the scale are the Tolte- 
can nations, the lowest the Fuegians. Nor does this view conflict with the general prin- 
ciple, that all these nations and tribes have had, as I have elsewhere expressed it, a com- 
mon origin ; inasmuch as by this term is only meant an indigenous relation to the country 
they inhabit, and that collective identity of physical traits, mental and moral endowments, 
language, &c„ which chracterize all the American races. The same remarks are appli- 
cable to all the other human races; but in the present infant state of Ethnographic sci" 
< nee, the designation of these primitive centres is a task of equal delicacy and difficulty* 
1 may here observe, thatwhenever 1 have ventured an opinion on thisquestion, it has been 
in favor of the doctrine of primeval diversities among men — an original adaptation of the 
several races to those varied circumstances of climate and locality, which, while conge- 
nial to the one, are destructive to the other; and subsequent investigations have confirmed 
me in these views, See Crania Americana, p. 3; Crania AZgyptiaea, p, 37; Distinctive 
Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America, p. 30; Sillimans American Journal 
6f Science and the Arts, 1847j and my letter to J. R. Bartlett, Esq., in Vol.2 of the Tran- 
sactions of the Ethnological Society of New York. 

t From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for Sep- 
tember and October, 1849. 



CATALOGUE. 



I. CAUCASIAN GROUP. 
I. SCANDINAVIAN EACE. 

{Case 1.) 



1. 1260. Cast of a Norwegian skull. From Prof. Retzius, of Stock- 
holm, A. D. 1845. 
[This cast is remarkable for its great size. It belongs to the dolicho- 
cephalic variety of Retzius. The fronto-parietal convexity is regu- 
lar from side to side. The occipital region as a whole is quite pro- 
minent ; but the basal portion of the occiput is flat and parallel 
with the horizon when the head rests squarely upon the lower jaw. 
The glabella, superciliary ridges, and external angular processes oi 
the os frontis are very rough and prominent, overhanging the orbits 
and inter-orbital space in such a manner as to give a very harsh 
and forbidding expression to the face. The semi-circular ridges 
passing back from the external angular process, are quite elevated 
and sharp. The nasal bones are high and rather sharp at the line 
of junction ; orbits spacious ; malar bones of moderate size, and 
flattened antero-laterally ; superior maxilla rather small in com- 
parison with the inferior, which is quite large, and much flared 
out at the angles. The facial angle is good, and the whole head 
strongly marked.] 

1. 117, Swede. 

2. 1247, Swedish peasant : woman, setat. 30. I. C. 85. 

3. 1249. Swedish woman of the 13th century, setat. 60. I. C. 83. 

4. 1258. Cast of the skull of a Swedish child. 

5. 1486. Swedish peasant : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 99. 

6. 1487. Swedish peasant : woman, setat. 30. I. C. 65. 

7. 1488, Swedish child of four years. 

The six preceding skulls are from Prof. Retzius, of Stockholm, A. D* 
1845 and 1850. 



CATALOGUE OF 

[The Swedish form of skull, judging from the above specimens, bears 
a family resemblance to the Norwegian, and in several respects is 
Dot unlike the Anglo-Saxon head figured in the first decade of the 
Crania Britannica of Messrs. Davis and Thurnam. IntheAnglo- 
Saxon, however, the chin is more acuminated, and the maxillary 
rami longer. The chief points of resemblance about the calvaria, 
are the slightly elevated forehead, the rather flattened vertex, and 
the inclination of the parietalia downwards and backwards towards 
the occiput. This latter feature is also possessed by the Norwe- 
gian cast referred to above.] 
8. 1545. Swede from Finland. I. C. 107.5. F. A. 86°. 

0. 1546, Swede from Finland. I. C. 93.75. F. A. 83°. Man 
named Carl Bli, from Borga Parish, in the Province of Nyland. 
For vagrancy he was imprisoned May 17th, 1831, and in default 
of bail, sentenced to a half-year's hard labor. He died setat. 64 
years. 

Xos. 1545 and 1546, descendants of colonists who settled in Finland 
in the most remote times. 
L( 1547. Swede from Sudermanland. F. A. 83°. I. C. 102. 

11. 1548. Swede from Sudermanland. F. A. 85°. I. C. 94. 

12. 1549. Swede from Sudermanland. F. A. 86°. I. C. 108.25. 
Nos. 1545 to 1549, inclusive, were presented by Professor Retzius, 

of Stockholm, just after the death of Dr. Morton. 

13. 1255. Skull of an ancient Ostrogoth, from a burial-ground of Os- 
trogothia, in Sweden. Woman, octat. 50. I. C. 80. 

14. 121. Turannic Swede. 

15. 1532. Ancient Cimbric inhabitant of Sweden. I. C. 80. F. A. 
85°. 

From Professor Retzius, after Dr. Morton's decease. 

16. 1550. Ancient Cimbric Swede. F. A. 88°. I. 0. 94. 
Probably descended from the oldest Scytho-Turannic inhabitants, 
(Brachy-cephali ?) who always have black hair, and are of small 
stature. From Professor Retzius with No. 1532. 

17. 1362. Cast of the skull of an ancient Cimbrian, from the Danish 
Island of Moen. Prof. Retzius. 

1. 1542. Swedish Finn, (mixed.) F. A. .81°. 5. I. C 89. Man, 
named Elias Alhonen, from Lampis Parish, in the Province of 
Fosdelhuus. For committing murder he was imprisoned (May 
8th, 1840,) in the Fort to hard labor for life. Died in the Laza- 
retto, cetat. 02 years. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



21 



2. 1543. Swedish Finn, (mixed.) F. A. 80°. I. C. 85. 

3. 1544. Swedish Finn, (mixed.) F. A. 77°. I. C. 85.25. 

[In No. 1249 the singularly protuberant occiput projects far behind 
the foramen magnum. Nos. 1255, 1550 and 1532 evidently belong- 
to the same peculiar type. These four heads resemble each other as 
strongly as they differ from the remaining Swedes, Finns, Ger- 
mans, and Kelts in the collection. They call to mind the kunibe- 
kephalse, or boat-shaped skulls described by Prof. Wilson in his 
Pre-historic Annals of Scotland. No. 1362, presents the same 
elongated form. It differs from the four preceding skulls in being 
larger, more massive, and broader in the forehead. Nos. 117, 1258, 
and 1488 possess the true Swedish form as described above. Nos. 
1545 and 1546 are broader, more angular, and less oval than the 
true Swedish form. The horizontal portion of the occiput is quite 
flat, and the occipital protuberance prominent. The three Suder- 
manland Swedes have the same general form, while the three 
Swedish Finns have a more squarely globular, and less oval cranium 
than the true Swedes. In No. 121 the posterior region of the 
calvaria is broader, and does not slope away so much. In general 
configuration this cranium approaches the brachy-cephalic class of 
Ketzius.] 



1. 1534. True Finn. 

2. 1535. True Finn. 

3. 1536. True Finn. 



II. 



FINNISH RACE. 
(Casel.) 



I. C. 94.5. F. A. 87°. 
I. C. 97.5. F. A. 84.5°. 
I. C. 112.5. F. A. 83°. 




4. 1537. True Finn. 



Finn (1537). 
I. C. 84.25. F. A. 82.5°. 



CATALOGUE OF 

[The Finnish skull has a square or somewhat angularly round appear- 
ance. The antero-posterior diameter being comparatively short, it 
falls within the brachy-cephalic class of Retzius. The forehead is 
broad, though less expansive than in the true Germanic race. This 
frontal breadth, the lateral expansion of the parietalia, and the flat- 
ness of the os occipitis, give to the coronal region, when viewed 
perpendicularly, a square, or rather slightly oblong appearance. 
The face is longer and less broad than in the Mongolian head, 
while the lower jaw is larger, and the chin more prominent. 
Hence, the lower part of the face is advanced, somewhat in the 
manner of the Sclavonian face. The whole head is rather massive 
and rude in structure, the bony prominences being strongly cha- 
racterized, and the sutures well defined. The general configura- 
tion of the head is European, bearing certain resemblances, how- 
ever, to the Mongolian on the one hand, and the Sclavonian on the 
other.] 

5. 1538. True Finn. I. C. 105. F. A. 83°. 

G. 1539, True Finn. I. C. 81.5. F. A. 85°. A laborer, named 
Matts Johansson Lans, from the city of Abo. Convicted of deser- 
tion and theft while in the Emperor's service, he was sentenced to 
8 years imprisonment, and died, xt 22 years, in the Prisoners' 
Lazaretto. 

7. 1540. True Finn. I. C. 88.5. F. A. 84°. A man named 
Jacob Nurkkala, alias Karry, from Storkyro Parish, in the Pro- 
vince of Wasa, who, for committing burglary for the third time, 
was imprisoned July 6th, 1835, to hard labor in the Fort for life. 
He died in the Lazaretto, set. 59 years. 

8. 1541. True Finn. I. C. 99. F. A. 83°. 

The preceding 11 skulls were sent to the Academy by Professor 

Retzius, of Stockholm, just after the demise of Dr. Morton. 
i>. 1252. Skull of a Finland woman, from the Parish of Kemi, 
setat. 40. I. C. 86. 
L0 1259. Cast of the skull of a Finlander. Prof. Retzius, 1845. 

III. SUEVIC RACE. 

(Case 1.) 

1. 37. Oirman : woman, u>tat. 30. I. C 90. [Round form.] 
-1. 706. (J human ? man, eetat. 30. P. A. 80 J . I. C. 94. 
. 1060. GERMAN of Tubingen : woman, ;otat. 30. I. C. 70. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 23 

4. 1063. German of Tubingen : man, setat. 40. I. C. 86. [Square 
form; occiput flattened j face large and long.] 

5. 1064, German of Tubingen : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 91. [Has 
the Swedish or Northern angular oval, a type distinct from the oval 
of Southern Europe, with which hasty observers are apt to confound 
it. It is a well-formed head, and in some respects resembles the 
Anglo-Saxon skull figured in Crania Bt'itannica.~] 

6. 1188. German of Tubingen : man, setat. 30. I. C. 85. [Resem- 
bles the preceding skull in form.] 

7. 1189. German of Tubingen : man, setat. 40. I. C. 78. [Bears 
the Swedo-Finnic type.] 

8. 1190. German dwarf: female of Tubingen, 20 years of age and 
three feet in height. I. C. 46.5. 

9. 1191. German of Frankfort: man, setat. 70. I. C. 95. [Ap- 
proximates the square form.] 

10. 1062. German of Frankfort-on-the-Main : woman, setat. 40. I. 
C. 93. 

11. 1187. German of Frankfort-on-the-Main: man, setat. 50. I. G 
104. 

For the preceding 8 skulls of the Germanic or Teutonic Race, I am 
indebted to Dr. George Engelmann, now of St. Louis, Missouri. 

1. 434. A Dutchman of noble family, born in Utrecht, and for 
several years a captain in the army at Batavia, in the Island of Java, 
where he died under thirty years of age. He was handsome, not de- 
ficient in talent, and of an amiable disposition, but devoted to con- 
viviality and dissipation, which finally destroyed him. Dr. Doornik, 
late of Batavia, from whom I obtained this cranium, gave me the 
above facts from personal knowledge. F. A. 81°. I. C. 114. 
[The calvaria is very large j the face rather small, delicate, well- 
formed, and tapering towards the chin. The frontal diameter or 
breadth between the temples, is 4g inches; the greatest breadth 
between the parietal protuberances is 6| inches; the anteroposte- 
rior or longitudinal diameter is 7f inches; the height, measured 
from the anterior edge of the foramen magnum, in a direct line to 
the sagittal suture, 5H inches. A certain angularity or squareness 
of the frontal and posterior bi-parietal regions, gives to this head 
the Teutonic form. The posterior or occipital region is flat and 
broad, and presents to the eye a somewhat pentagonal outline. 
The temporal regions are full, the mastoid processes large, and 
the basis cranii nearly round. The outline of the coronal region 



1>4 CATALOGUE OP 

resembles a triangle, truncated at the apex. This latter feature is 
also seen in one of the Finnic skulls (No. 1538).] 

1. 1065. Prussian of Berlin : man, a>tat. 30. I. C. 02. 

2. 1066, Prussian of Berlin : man, setat. 40. I. C. 80. 

3. 1192. PRUSSIAN of Berlin : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 82. 

4. 1193. Prussian of Berlin : woman, aetat. 20. I. C. 80. 
The preceding 4 crania from Dr. Geo. Engelmann. 

1. 1533. Fragments of an Ancient Burgundian skull, from a tomb 
near Lausanne in Switzerland. Procured by Mr. Troyon, a cele- 
brated Archaeologist, who considers this skull to have been 2000 
years in the tomb. Presented by Prof, lletzius subsequent to Dr. 
Morton's death. 

IV. ANGLO-SAXON RACE. 
{Case 1.) 

1. 80. Skull of an Englishman named Samuel Gwillym, a con- 
vict in Australia, whose history is thus briefly given by my friend 
Dr. C. Huffnagle, now of Calcutta : — 

" Transported to Van Dieinen's land in 1820 for house-breaking ; 
was orderly on ship-board, but subsequently robbed his master, for 
which he was sent for two years to Maria Island : while there was 
flogged for combination, and also received 100 lashes for stealing 
articles from the wreck of the Apollo. Returning to Van Dieinen's 
land he was fined twice for drunkenness ; and was executed there 
on the 16th of March, 1837, for the murder of Mary Mills, a young 
woman whom he had previously violated." I. C. 91. 

[This skull belongs to the dolicho-cephalic class, but is not strictly 
oval, being flattened posteriorly. In general configuration it re- 
sembles the Northern or Gothic style of head. The face bears the 
Finnic stamp.] 

2. 539. Skull of James Moran, an Englishman, who was executed 
at Philadelphia for piracy and murder, May 19, 1837. MtoA. '10. 
F. A. 79°. I. C. 92. 

[This skull is long, flat on the top, and broad between the parietal 
bones. The posterior portion of the occiput is prominent, the basal 
surface is flat. In its general outline, the calvaria approaches 
the kumhe-kephalic form.] 

3. 991. English Boldier? from Bloody Pond, near Lake George, 

York; the scene of Montcalm's massacre of the English 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



25 



garrison, A, D. 1757. F. A. 82°. I. C. 105. Jacob Morris, Esq., 
of Philadelphia. 
4. 59. Anglo-Saxon head : skull of Pierce,* a convict and canni- 
bal, who was executed in New South Wales, A. D. 18 — . F. A. 
85°. I. C. 99. [A long and strictly oval head.] 

V. ANGLO-AMERICAN RACE. 

{Case 1.) 

1. 7. Anglo-American: female, ajtat. nearly 100 years. I. C. 
83. [Germanic form.] 

2. 24. Anglo-American : female with an open frontal suture. 
Fille-de-joie, eetat. 26 years. F. A. 77°. I. C. 82. [Interme- 
diate in form between the German and Swedish types.] 

3. 88. Anglo-American : child. Dr. F. Turnpenny. 

4. 98. Anglo-American ? Remarkable for the fulness of the 
occipital region, and obliquity of the foramen magnum. [Germa- 
nic form.] 

5. 552. Anglo-American : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 97. This skull 
belonged to the collection of the late Dr. Doornik, and was pre- 
sented to me with other crania, by Dr. Jones, of New Orleans, 

* A letter addressed to me by Wm. Cobb Hurry, Esq., of Calcutta, contains 
the following particulars of this man's singular career : — 

" With regard to the cannibal Pierce, all that is known of him is, that he was 
a native of Scotland, or the north of Ireland, and a seaman. He was a convict 
in Van Diemen's land, and escaped with others into the woods. Hunger com- 
pelled them to prey upon each other, till only Pierce and another were left. A 
romantic tale might be made from Pierce's own narrative of the feelings with 
which these two men watched each other, till, overcome with fatigue, the last 
of the band fell a victim. Pierce was relieved by a party who fell in with him, 
and the cannibalism of which he was guilty being attributed to necessity, was 
not punished. From that time his propensities acquired their full development 
and he succeeded repeatedly in persuading his fellow prisoners to escape with 
him, for the sole purpose of killing them and devouring their flesh. > He used to 
return secretly to the depot, and persuade a fresh victim that he had been sent 
by others who were waiting in the woods. He was at last caught ; and being 
asked if he knew where one of his companions was, deliberately pulled an arm 
out of his jacket and showed it to the soldiers. Mr. Crockett, from whom I had 
this account, and who gave me the skull, is the Colonial Surgeon, and attended 
Pierce in the hospital both before and subsequently to his crimes. He stated to 
me his conviction that Pierce was insane, which, however, did not prevent him 
from being hanged." 



26 CATALOGUE OF 

through B. F. French, Esq. [In form it resembles the Norwegian 
skull.] 
G. 899. Anglo-American : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 91. 

7. 1108. Anglo-American: man. I. C. 95. Dr. C. H. Came- 
ron. [Northern or Gothic form.] 

8. 724. Conical skull of a white woman, aetat. 40, of whose history 
nothing is known. 1839. I. C. 81. 

VI. CELTIC RACE. 
(Case 1.) 

1. 18. Celtic Irish : from the Abbey of Buttevant, county of 

Cork, Ireland. Woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 78. See 

No. 52. [Form intermediate between the Cimbric and Swedish 
types.] 

2. 21. Celt : supposed to be a British soldier, killed at the battle 
of Chippeway. ^Etat. 40. I. C. 93. This skull is remarkable for 
the great size of the superciliary ridges ; that of the right side hav- 
ing a corresponding frontal sinus, that on the left being represented 
by solid bone upwards of half an inch in horizontal thickness. Dr. 
Mickle, 1831. [In this head the Gothic calvarial form is asso- 
ciated with a heavy, massive face.] 

3. 42. Celtic Irishman, aged 21, imprisoned for larceny, and in 
all respects a vicious and refractory character. Died A. D. 1831. 
I. C. 97. [Approaches the square Germanic form.] 

4. 52. Celtic Irish from the Abbey of Buttevant, County of Cork, 
Ireland. Woman, aetat. 50. F. A. 80^. I. C. 82. Dr. Smith 
(Hist, of the County of Cork) says that these are the bones of the 
Irish slain at the battle of Knockinoss, A. D. 15—. [The same 
form as the preceding.] 

5. 985. Celtic Irish: man, aetat. 60. F. A. 77°. I. C. 93. 
[This head being rather broad between the parietal tubers, approxi- 
mates the Gothic type. The face resembles that of some of the 
Finns, but is smaller and less massive.] 

6. 986. Anglo-Irish : girl, aetat. 12. 

7. 1186. Irish cranium from Mayo county. [Belongs to the peculiar 
boat-shaped Cimbric type.] 

8. 1356. Cast of the skull of one of the ancient Celtic race of Ireland. 
Pri P. Retzius. 

[This head, the largest in the group, is very long, clumsy and massive 
in its general appearance. The forehead is low, broad, and ponder- 
ous ; the occiput heavy and very protuberant ; the basis cranii lomr, 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



27 



9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 



broad, and flat ; the orbits capacious ; and the distance from the 
root of the nose to the upper alveolus quite short. In its general 
form, it very much resembles the Cimbric skull, No. 1362. The 
Cimbric type, however, is somewhat narrower in the frontal region, 
and widens more posteriorly towards the parietal protuberances.] 



661. 
662. 
663. 
664. 
1564. 



Celtic (?) skull, 
Celtic (?) skull, 



Obtained from the Catacombs at Paris by 
the late Dr. Harlan. Presented by Mr 
Harlan. 



Celtic (?) skull, 

Celtic (?) skull, 

Celtic (?) skull from the field of Waterloo. Presented by 
Mr. Harlan. [The very heavy skull from the field of Waterloo 
(No. 1564) is strictly and beautifully oval. Of the four heads from 
the Catacombs at Paris, three are decidedly brachy-cephalic, and 
one of the Germanic form.] 



VII. SCLAVONIC RACE. 

{Case 1.) 
1. 1251. Sclavonian, from Olmutz, in Moravia : woman, aetat. 30. 




ScLAVONrAN (1251). 

[This skull presents the following characters : ^-General form of the 
head globular, though wanting in symmetry, in consequence of the 
posterior portion of the right parietal bone being more fully de- 
veloped than the corresponding portion of the left; the calvaria 
quite large in proportion to the face, and broadest posteriorly be- 
tween the parietal protuberances; the forehead is high, and mode- 
rately broad ; the vertex presents a somewhat flattened appearance, 
in consequence of sloping downwards and backwards towards the 
occiput; the occipital region is also flat, and the breadth between 



28 CATALOGUE OP 

the mastoid processes very great. The face is small and delicate, 
the nasal bones prominent, the orbits of moderate size, the malar 
bones flat and delicately rounded, and the zygomatic processes small 
and slender. The lower jaw is rather small, rounded at the an- 
gles, and quite acuminated at the symphysis. If classified according 
to its form, this head would find its place near to, if not between, 
the Kalmuck and Turkish types.] 
2. 1253. Cast of a Sclavonian head from Morlack, in Dalmatia. 
Nos. 1251 and 1253 from Prof. Retzius. 

VIII. PELASGIC RACE. 

(Case 2.) 
1. 1352. Ancient Phenician ? 

I received this highly interesting relic from M.F. Fresnel, the distin- 
guished French archaeologist and traveller, with the following memo- 
randum, A. D. 1847 :— 
" Crane provenant des caves sepulchrales de Ben-Djemma, dans l'ile 
de Malte. Ce crane parait avoir appartenu a un individu de la race 
qui, dans les temps les plus anciens, occupaitla cote septentrionale 
de TAfrique, et les iles adjacentes." 




Phenician (1352). 

[This cranium is the one alluded to in the interesting anecdote 
narrated by the late Dr. Patterson, in his graceful memoir, as 
illustrating the wonderful power of discrimination, the tactus visits, 
acquired by Dr. Morton in his long and critical study of crani- 
ology.* From this circumstance, and from the many singular and 
interesting associations inseparably connected with its antiquity, the 
introduction of the above figure cannot fail to be received with a 

* Sec Types of Mankind, p. xl. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 29 

lively sense of interest by those engaged in these studies. It is in 
many respects a peculiar skull. In a profile view, the eye quickly 
notices the remarkable length of the occipito-mental diameter. 
This feature gives to the whole head an elongated appearance, 
which is much heightened by the general narrowness of the calva- 
ria, the backward slope of the occipital region, and the strong prog- 
nathous tendency of the maxillae. The contour of the coronal 
region is a long oval, which recalls to mind the kumbe-kephalic 
form of Wilson. The moderately well-developed forehead is nota- 
ble for its regularity. In its form and general characters the face 
is sui generis. It may not inaptly be compared to a double wedge, 
for the facial bones are not only inclined downwards and remarkably 
forward, thus tapering towards the chin, but also in consequence 
of the flatness of the malar bones and the inferior maxillary rami 
they appear laterally compressed, sloping gently, on both sides, 
from behind forwards, towards the median line. The lower jaw is 
large, and much thrown forwards. The slope of the superior max- 
illa forms an angle with the horizon of about 45°. Notwithstanding 
this inclination of the maxilla, the incisor teeth are so curved as to 
be nearly vertical. Hence the prognathism of the jaws is quite 
peculiar, differing, as it does, from that of the Eskimo and true 
African skulls presently to be noticed.] 
1. 1049. Fragments of an ancient Eoman? head, from a tomb on 
the road between Cumse and the ruins of Baiae, near the latter place, 
A. D. 1841. Dr. M. Burrough. 

1. 1354. Cast of the skull of a young Greek. Prof. Retzius. 
[The calvarial region is well developed ; the frontal expansive and 
prominent ; the facial line departs but slightly from the perpen- 
dicular, and the facial angle consequently approaches a right angle. 
A small and regularly-formed face, devoid of asperities, harmonizes 
well with the general intellectual character of the head proper. 
The malar bones are small, flat, and smooth, with just enough lateral 
prominence to give to the face an oval outline ; the alveolar mar- 
gins of the maxillae are regularly arched, and the teeth perpen- 
dicular.] 

Circassians. 

1. 762. Saraska, or pure Circassian : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 75°. 
I. C. 94. 

2. 763. Circassian woman, jetat. 50. F. A. 81°. I. C. 81. 



oO CATALOGUE OF 

o. 764. Circassian man, ©tat. 40. F. A. 78°. I. C. 90. 




Circassian (764). 

[The calvaria of No. 764 is well developed and regularly arched, and 
in size considerably exceeds the face. The proportions between the 
vertical, transverse, and longitudinal diameters are such as to con- 
vey to the eye an impression of harmony and regularity of structure. 
The high and broad forehead forms with the parietal region a con- 
tinuous and symmetrical convexity. The occiput is full and pro- 
minent. The face is strongly marked j the orbits moderate in size ; 
the nasal bones prominent j the malar bones small and rounded • 
the teeth vertical j the maxillae of medium size, and the chin pro- 
minent. The fulness of the face, its oval contour, and general 
want of angularity, decidedly separate this head from the Mongo- 
lian type, as represented by the Kalmuck skull, No. 1553.] 

. 765. Circassian : woman, aetat. 18. F. A. 80°. I. C. 79. 

Armenians. 

789. Armenian: girl, aetat. 16. I. C. 86. 

790. Armenian child of twelve years. 

791. Armenian : man, setat. 80. I. C. 83. 

792. Armenian girl of fourteen years ? 

793. Armenian : man, aetat. 75. I. C. 80. 

794. Armenian: man, aetat. 60. I. C. 80. 



Persians. 

1. 731. Parsee, or Persian fire -worshipper, from the " Tower of 

Silence/' Bombay, India : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. 
"J. 743. Parsee, or Persian fire-worshipper, from the "Tower of 
Silence," near Bombay : woman, aetat. 50. I. C 89. 
The 12 preceding skulls from G. R. Gliddon, Esq. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 31 

3. 1333. Affghan boy, about 16 years of age, killed at Jugdalluk 
. during the memorable massacre of the 44th English regiment A 
D. 1845. 
[A general family resemblance pervades all these crania. They are 
all, with one exception, remarkable for the smallness of the face, 
and shortness of the head. In the Armenian skull, the forehead is 
narrow but well formed, the convexity expanding upwards and 
backwards towards the parietal protuberances, and laterally towards 
the temporal bones. The greatest transverse diameter is between 
the parietal bosses. This feature, combined with the flatness of 
the occiput, gives to the coronal region an outline somewhat re- 
sembling a triangle with all three angles truncated, and the base of 
the triangle looking posteriorly. In fact, the whole form of the 
calvaria is such as to impress the mind of the observer with a sense 
of squareness and angularity. The dimensions of the orbits are 
moderate; the malar bones small, flat, and retreating; the zygo- 
matic processes slender, and the general expression of the face re- 
sembling that of the Circassians, from which latter it differs in 
being shorter. The Persian head is less angular, the frontal region 
broader, the occiput fuller, and the malar bones larger. The lower 
jaw is small and rather round. The Affghan skull resembles, in 
several respects, the Hindoo type.] 

Gvozco-Egypiians. 

Nos. 798 to 804 are ancient Egyptians from the necropolis of Mem- 
phis, north-west of the Pyramid of Five-Steps, viz :— 

1. 798. Pelasgic or Grrse co-Egyptian form. F. A. 80°. I. C. 84. 
Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 6. 

Under this name I embrace all those crania that conform to the 
highest Caucasian type. The Egyptian or Nilotic form includes the 
pure Egyptian race. The Negroid form expresses that mixture 
of the Egyptian and Negro in which the latter predominates. See 
Crania JEgyptiaca, passim. 

2. 799. Pelasgic form : man, cetat. 35. F. A. 82°. I. C. 87. Cra- 
nia iEgyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 4. 

3. 801. Pelasgic form : woman, eetat. 25. 

4. 804. Pelasgic form : girl, aetat. 12. Crania ^gyptiaca, plate 
3, fig. 3. 

5. 808. Pelasgic form. F. A. 77°. 1. C. 97. Crania ^gypti- 
aca, plate 2, fig. 1. £jr 






CATALOGUE OF 




Pelasgic (808). 

G. 812. Pelasgic form : woman, aetat. 20. P. A. 80°. I. C 82. 

Crania jEgyptiaca, plate 2, fig. 3. 




Pelasgic (812). 

7. 814. Pelasgic form : man, aetat. 90. I. C. 97. Crania ./Egypti- 
aca, plate 2, fig. 5. 

8. 815. Pelasgic form. P. A. 81°. I. C. 88. Crania ^Egypti- 
aca, plate 2, fig. 2. 




Pelasgic (815). 

9. 817. Pelasgic form. P. A. 80°. I. C. 89. Crania iEgypti- 
aca, plate 5, fig. 3. 

10. 821. PELASGIC form. F. A. 79°. I. C. 74. Crania ^Egypti- 
aca, plate 12, fig. 6. 

11. 824. Infantile mummy. 

12. 825. Pelasgic form. Memphite necropolis. P. A. 81°. I. C. 
93. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 9. 

18. 856. Pelasgic form. I. C. 87. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 9. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



33 



The two following crania were found by Mr. Perring, Civil Engineer, 
in the gallery leading to the newly discovered chamber in the 
Pyramid of Five Steps, at Saccara. These are, perhaps, the most 
ancient human remains extant. Mr. Perring is of opinion that they 
date with the erection of the Pyramid, and are therefore in all pro- 
bability upwards of 4000 years old. See Yyse, Pyramids of 
Gizeh, vol iii. p. 44. 

14. 837. Pelasgic form : man, setat. 50. F. A. 83°. I. C. 97. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 1, fig. 2. 

15. 838. Pelasgic form : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 81°. I. C. 90. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 1, fig. 1. 

16. 840. Pelasgic form : man. F. A. 79°. I. C. 89. Skull ob- 
tained from a tumulus recently opened at the ancient quarries of 
Toora, (on the left bank of the Nile, seven miles above Cairo,) 
whence was taken the stone used in building the Pyramids of 
Gizeh, and other and much later structures in Egypt. The bodies 
were covered with coarse matting, and enclosed in sarcophagi, and 
are doubtless the remains of quarrymen. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 
2, fig. 9. 

17. 850. Pelasgic form : man, setat. 70. I. C. 86. Crania iEgypti- 
aca,plate 6, fig. 4. 

18. 859. Pelasgic form : woman, setat. 80. Hair long and fine. I. 
Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 6, fig. 5. 

Pelasgic form : child. 

Pelasgic ? form : man of 80. I. C. 88. 

Pelasgic form : woman, aetat. 70, with long, fine hair. 1. 

Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 9. 
Pelasgic form : woman, aetat. 30, with a profusion of long, 
silky hair. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 8. 





C. 82. 


19. 


868. 


20. 


873. 


21. 


875. 




C.73. 


22. 


884. 




Pelasgic (884). 
23. 893. Pelasgic form : man of 60. Thebes. 
85. Crania ^Egyptiaca, plate 6, fig. 3. 
Nos. 798 to 893 from G. Pv. Gliddon, Esq. 

3 



F. A. 8P. I. C. 



CATALOGUE OF 

IX. SEMITIC RACE. 

(Case 2.) 

Arabs. 

1 . 780. Baramka, or Barmecide Arab of Gemardasli : nian, setat. 
SO. F. A. 76°. I. C. 86. 

•J. 781. Baramka : man, setat. 40. F. A. 88°. I. C. 84. 

3. 784. Bedouin of the Eastern Desert : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 98. 

4. 1296. Cranium of an embalmed body taken by Mr. Fresnel, A. D. 
1839, from one of the hypogea called MaghairShudyb, or Grot- 
toes of Jethro, in Midian, east of the Gulf of Akaba, in Arabia 
Petraca. M. Fresnel, through Mr. Gliddon. 

Nos. 780 to 1296 from G. ft. Gliddon, Esq. 

[These four heads are characterised by a low, recedent forehead, a 
broad and flattened occipital region, and a comparatively short 
occipito-frontal diameter. They fall within the brachy-cephalic 
class, and have therefore been separated from the group of longer 
and more oval Fellah skulls. (See pages 43-4).] 

5. 671, Os Frontis of a Midianite. 

Hebrews (. ? ) 

L. 1299. Cast in plaster of a bas-relief Semitic head brought by M. 
Botta from the ruins of Khorsabad. G. E. Gliddon, Esq. 1846. 

2. 807. Semitic? form: man, aetat. 30. F. A. 74°. I. C. 88. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 2, fig. 8. 

:;. 818. Semitic form. F. A. 77°. I. C. 69. Crania iEgyptiaca, 

plate 5, fig. 4. 
4. 842. Semitic form. Thebes : man, cetat. 40, with smooth, brown 

hair. I. C. 85. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 11, fig. 2. 




Semitic (842). 
5. 845. SEMITIC fjform : man, with fine hair. I. C. 92. Thebes 
Crania <Egyptiaca, plate 12, figs. 1, 2. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 35 

6. 865. Semitic form : man, aetat. 40. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 6, 
fig. 2. 

7. 870. Semitic form : man, getat. 30, with fine hair cut close. I. 
C. 79. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 6, fig. 8. 

8. 879. Semitic form : man, getat. 50. Crania JEe^yptiaca, plate 8, 
%• 2, 

Nos*807 to 879 from G. R. Gliddon, Esq. 

1. 1361. Cast of the skull of an Abyssinian woman. Prof. Retzius. 

X. BERBER RACE. 

(Case 2.) 
1. 23. Guanche, from a cave in the island of Palma, one of the 
Canaries : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 77°. I. C. 85. Dr. J. C. Warren. 

XI. NILOTIC RACE. 

(Case 2.) 

Ancient Theban Egyptians. 

1. 48. Embalmed head of an Egyptian girl eight years of age, 
from the Theban catacombs. Egyptian form, with a single lock of 
long fine hair. Dissected by me before the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia, December 10, 1833. 

2. 60. Embalmed head of an Egyptian lady about 16 years of age, 
brought from the Catacombs of El Gourna, near Thebes, by the late 
Antonio Lebolo, of whose heirs I purchased it, together with the 
entire body : the latter I dissected before the Academy of Natural 
Sciences, on the 10th and 17th of December, 1833, in presence of 
eighty members and others. Egyptian form, with long, fine hair. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 6. 




Egyptian (843). 
3. 843. Egyptian form : woman, aetat. 30, with long, fine hair. 
C. 74. Thebes. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 4. 



CATALOGUE OF 



844. Egyptian form : woman, aetat, 30, with long, fine hair. 
C. 68. Thebes. Crania ^Egyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 1. 




Egyptian (844.) 
5. 846. Egyptian form : youth of 18. Hair dark and fine. I. C. 



Thebes. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 11, fig. 1 




Egyptian (846). 
The following crania, Nos. 847 to 861, inclusive, (nine in number,) 
are from the Catacombs of El Gourna, near Thebes. This valuable 
series was obligingly presented to me by M. Clot Bey, Chief of the 
Medical Staff of the Vioeroy of Egypt. 
6 847. Egyptian form : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C 
Crania .Enyptiaca, plate 7, fig. 5. 

7. 848. Egyptian form : woman of 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 82. Crania 
zEgyptiaca, plate 7, fig- 4. 

8. 849. EGYPTIAN form : man, aetat. 25. I. C. 81. 

851. Egyptian form : woman, aetat. 35. F. A. 80°. I. C /i*. 
Crania yEgyptiaca, plate 7, fig. 1. 

10. 853. EGYPTIAN form : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 95. Crania ^Egypti- 

aca, page 17. 

11. 854. Eoi PTIAN form : girl of 16. Crania aBgyptiaca,plate7,fig.6. 

12. 855. Egyptian form: girl of 18, with very fine, longhair. Crania 

,-ptiaea, plate 8, fig. 9. 
860. Egyptian form: man, ictat. 50. F. A. 82°. I. C 80. 

Crania /Egyptiaca, plate 0, fig. 1. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



37 



14. 861. Egyptian form: man, astat. 50. F.A. 78o. I.C.96. Crank 
iEgyptiaca, plate 7, fig. 2. 

(Oases 2-3.) 

The following fifteen beads, 862 to 889, inclusive, were obtained by 
Mr. Gliddon from the Theban Catacombs. 

15. 862. Egyptian form : man, aetat. 60, with long, fine hair. I. C. 
79. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 3. 

16. 866. Egyptian form: woman, aetat. 20, with long, fine hair. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 8, fig. 5. 

17. 867. Egyptian form : man of 50, with fine, dark hair. F. A. 
78°. I.C. 86. Crania ^gyptiaca, plate 8, fig. 8. 

18. 871. Egyptian form : woman, setat. 20. Crania JEgyptiaca, 
plate 8, fig. 4. 

19. 872. Egyptian form : woman, setat. 50, with long, fine hair. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 2. 

20. 876. Egyptian form : man, with fine hair. I. C. 83. Crania 
iEgyptiaca, plate 6, fig. 9. 




Egyptian (877). 
21. 877. Egyptian form: man, aetat. 40, with fine hair and a short 
beard. I. C 89. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 5. 




Egyptian (878). 
22. 878. Egyptian form : man, aetat. 50, with long smooth hair. 
I. C. 77. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 8, fig. 1. 






CATALOGUE OF 



880. EGYPTIAN form: woman? of 40, with short, fine hair. 
P. A. SO . I. C. 85. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 8, fig. 7. 
24. 881. EGYPTIAN form : girl of 17. Resembles the Hindu type. 



25. 

'26. 

27. 
28. 
29. 

30. 
31. 



F. A. 80°. I. C 71. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 6, fig. 6. 

882. EGYPTIAN form : juvenile female head, with long, fine hair. 
Crania ZEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 7. 

883. Egyptian form: man, setat. 40. F. A. 81°. I. C. 82 
Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 8, fig. 6. 

886. Egyptian form: man, setat. 50. I. C. 7G. 

887. Egyptian form: child of 12 years, with long, fine hair. 
889. Egyptian form : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 83. Crania jEgyp- 

tiaca, plate G, fig. 7. 

894. Egyptian form : child of 9 years. Thebes. 
1044. Embalmed head of a Tiieban lady of 30 years. Mr.Gliddon. 
This head, with its long oval cranium, receding forehead, gently aqua- 
line nose, retracted chin, and long, fine hair, may serve as a type of 
the pure Egyptian stock ; a people indigenous to the valley of the 
Nile ; Caucasian in physical lineaments and philological relations, 
and constituting one of the several primordial centres of that widely- 
extended race. See Crania JEgyptiaca, pages 17, 37; and Trans- 
actions of the Ethnological Society of- New York, vol. ii. p. '219. 




Embalmed female head from the Catacombs of Thebes. 
No. lull. 

1290. Ancient Egyptian, from a tomb at Thebes. Egyptian form 

I. C. B2. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



39 



33. 1293. Embalmed head from Thebes. Egyptian form : woman, 
- aetat. 40, with long, fine hair. 

34. 1295. Embalmed head of an infant at birth. From Thebes. 
Nos. 1290 to 1295, inclusive, were presented by A. 0. Harris, Esq., 

of Alexandria, in Egypt, A. D. 1846. 



Ancient Memphite Egyptians. 
(Case 3.) 

1. 796. Egyptian form. F. A. 75°. I. 
C 80. Crania iEgyptiaca, page 7. 

2. 797. Egyptian form : woman, aetat. 
70. I. C 76. Crania iEgyptiaca, page 7. 

Nos. 796 and 797 were exhumed from the 
front of the First or Northern Brick 
Pyramid of Dashour, Memphite necropo- 
lis, by Mr. Perring, Civil Engineer. See 
Vyse's Pyramids of Grizeh, vol. iii. page 
60. 

(For No. 795 see Copts.) 

Nos. 805 to 816, ancient mummied Egyp- 
tians from various parts of the Necropo- 
lis of Memphis. From G. K. Gliddon, 
Esq. 

805. Egyptian form 
F. A. 83°. I. C. 79. 
tiaca, plate 2, fig. 7. 

806. Egyptian form. 
C. 83. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 2, fig. 4. 

809. Egyptian form : woman. F. A. 
78°! I. C. 81. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 
3, fig. 2. 

810. Egyptian form : woman, aetat. 20. h^Ah^ 
F. A. 78o. I. C. 86. Crania JEgypti- 
aca, plate 2, fig. 6. 

811. Egyptian form: woman, aetat. 25. 
F. A. 76°. I. C. 73. Crania JEgypti- 
aca, plate 3, fig. 1. 

813. Egyptian form: child, aetat. 8. 

516. Egyptian form. F. A. 78°. I. C.92. Crania iEgyptiaca, 
plate 3 ; fig. 5. 



3. 



4. 



man, aetat. 50. 
Crania iEgyp- 

F. A. 77°. 



6. 




9 



40 CATALOGUE OF 

10. 1223. Mkmpiiite head: Egyptian form. F. A. 82o. Found with ■ 
No. 1194, <feo. (See next page.) 

11. 1235. Ancient Egyptian : Egyptian form, with fine, silk-like hair. 
Memphite necropolis. I. C. 82. Dr. Charles Pickering. 

12. 1291. Embalmed head from Memphis. Egyptian form : girl of 14. 
Presented by A. C. Harris, Esq., of Alexandria, in Egypt. 1846. 

13. 1519. Egyptian, from the Necropolis of Memphis. 

14. 1520. Egyptian, from the Necropolis of Memphis. 

15. 1521. Egyptian. Memphis. 

16. 1522. Egyptian. Memphis. 

1 7. 1524. Egyptian. Memphite Necropolis. Woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 
87. F. A. 79 u . This is the head of the mummy opened by Mr. 
Grliddon in Philadelphia, January, 1851, and by him presented to 
me. 

L8. 319. Egyptian form : man. F. A. 79*. I. C. 85. Crania ^Egyp- 
tiaca, plate 5, fig. 1. 

19. 820. Egyptian form : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 76°. I. C. 96. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 5, fig. 2. 
Nos. 819 and X'20 are from Arabat-el-Matfoon, the ancient Abydos. 
" Found with Nos. 817 and 818 in a pit containing scarabasi and 
ornaments bearing the name of Ramses III., (Sesostris,) and the 
prenomen of Thotmes IV., (Moeris.) whence it is conjectured that 
they may have belonged to a period between 1822 and 1474 years 
before Christ.— Vide Rosellini's Chronology." G. R. G. 

Alexa ndria n Egyi >tian s . 
(Case 3.) 

1. 1266. Embalmed head of the pure Egyptian form. I. C. 77. 

2. 1267. Embalmed head of the Egyptian form. 

3. 1268. Ancient Egyptian. Egyptian form: man, aetat. 60. I.C.78. 
The preceding three heads were found in a rock-tomb, with Greek 

mis, about four miles west of the city of Alexandria. This tomb 
was accidentally discovered in blasting rocks for a fortification, A. 
D. 1845, and probably belonged to the Ptolemaic era. The skulls 
were procured by Mr. Win. A. Gliddon, and by him presented to 
me, A.I). 1S48. 

Egyptian* from Gizeh* 
(Case 3.) 
The following sixteen ancient Egyptian crania were obtained from the 
tombs opened by Prof. Lepsiua at the base of the great Pyramid of 



HUMAN CRANIA. 41 

Grizeh, and presented to me by Mr. Wm. A. Gliddon, A. D. 1846. 
. See Proceedings of the x\cademy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia, November, 1845. 

1. 1194. Egyptian form: woman, ©tat. 16. F. A. 85o. T. C. 83. 

2. 1195. Egyptian form : man, ©tat. 50. F. A. 78°. I. C. 88. 

3. 1196. Egyptian form, ©tat. 30. F. A. 82°. I. C. 80. 

4. 1197. Egyptian form, ©tat. 25. F. A. 78°. I. C. 77. 

5. 1198. Egyptian form, ©tat. 45. F. A. 82°. I. C. 93. 

6. 1199. Egyptian form : child of ten years. F. A. 91°. 

7. 1200. Egyptian form : man, ©tat. 30. F. A. 82°. I. C. 77. 

8. 1201. Egyptian form : child of 6 years. 

9. 1202. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 80. 

10. 1203. Egyptian form, ©tat. 60. F. A. 80 Q . I. C. 79. 

11. 1204. Egyptian form, ©tat. 50. F. A. 79°. I. C. 83. 

12. 1205. Egyptian form, ©tat. 60. I. C. 91. 

13. 1206. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 25. F. A. 83°. 

14. 1207. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 20. F. A. 86°. I. C. 76. 

15. 1208. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 30. I. C. 86. 

16. 1209. Egyptian form: man, ©tat. 60. F. A. 79*. I. C. 83. 

Kens or Ancient Nubians. 
{Case 3.) 
Nos. 826 to 829, " Kens, or ancient Nubians ? from the pits at De- 
bod, the ancient Parembole, 30 miles south of Phil©. Some writers 
maintain that there are no mummies in Nubia. Here is proof to 
the contrary." Gr. R. 0. 

1. 826. Egyptian form. F. A. 77°. I. C. 74. Crania iEgyptiaca, 
plate 13. 

2. 827. Egyptian form : man, ©tat. 40. I. C. 82. Crania i£gyp- 
tiaca, plate 12, fig. 9. 

3. 828. Egyptian form : juvenile head. F. A. 90°. 

4. 829. Egyptian form. F. A. 85°. I. C. 70. Crania ^Egypti- 
aca, plate 12, fig. 8. 

Ombite Egyptians. 

Nos. 830 to 832, " Ancient Egyptians from the pits at Koum Ombos : 
probably inhabitants of the Ombite nome." Gr. R. Gr. 

1. 830. Egyptian form: woman, ©tat. 30. I. C. 77. Crania 
iEgyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 3. 

2. - 831. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 30. I. C. 68. Crania 

iEgyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 4. 



42 



CATALOGUE OP 



3. 832, EGYPTIAN form: woman, setat. 30. F. A. 81°. I. C. 68. 

Crania J^gyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 5. 

Maabdeh Egyptians. 

-NTos. 833 to 836 : "Ancient Egyptians from the Crocodile mummy- 
pits culled M< n-</a ret-es- Samoun, behind the village of Maabdeh, 
and opposite to Manfaloot. I brought these from a measured dis- 
tance of 438 feet under ground horizontally, averaging twenty feet 
below the surface/' G. R. G. 

1. 833. Egyptian form: man, setat. 35; long hair and a little beard. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 4, fig. 1. 

2. 834, Negroid form: woman, 03tat. 30; hair long and harsh. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 4, fig. 2. 

3. 836. EGYPTIAN form : woman of 30 years, with long, curling hair. 
Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 4, fig. 4. 

4. 1292. Embalmed Egyptian from Maabdeh. Egyptian form : 
woman, tetat. 40, with long, fine hair. From A. C Harris, Esq. 
1846. 

Miscellaneous. 

1. 822. Egyptian form : child of 12 years. Exhumed by Mr. 
Gliddon from tumuli at the island of Beggeh, the ancient Senem, 
a sacred spot close to Philse in Nubia. Found with Nos. 821, 823 
and 824. " These may have been pilgrims to the Temple, and, as 
such, of any nation or of any speech. " G. R. G. 

2. 802, Egyptian or Nilotic form : woman, actat. 50. I. C. 81. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 7. Gr. R. G-. 

3. 803. EGYPTIAN form: man, setat. 50. F. A. 82°. I. C. 92. 
Crania J2gyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 8. G. R. G. 

4. 1240. Mummied head from Egypt. Egyptian ? form, with long, 
fine hair. Dr. C. Pickering. 1845. 

5. 1317, Head of an ancient Egyptian. Egyptian form : woman, 
86 tat. 50, from a tomb at the base of the Great Pyramid. Dr. 
Charles Huffnagle. 1848. 

Fellahs. 

[Case 3.) 
1 . 499. Fellah, or Arab-Egyptian of Old Cairo : man, setat. 60. 

F. A. so-'. 1. C. 94. 
The Fcl/'t/is, or Arab-Egyptian peasants, arc the lineal descendants 
of the rural population of ancient Egypt. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 43 

2. 782. Fellah of Old Cairo: woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 82 c . 
. I. C. 66. 

3. 783. Fellah of Old Cairo : woman, aetat. 70. 

4. 785. Fellah : woman, aetat. 20. F. A. 79°. I. C. 73. 

5. 788. Fellah of Old Cairo: woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 74°. 
I. C. 74. 

6. 999. Fellah of Egypt : girl of 16. F. A. 78°. I. C. 72. 

7. 766. Fellah or Arab-Egyptian of the Owlad-el-belled, or bet- 
ter class, from Bab-el-Nasr, in Lower Egypt : woman, aetat. 70. 
I. C. 77. 

8. 767. Fellah : man, aetat. 70. F. A. 80°. I. C 85. 

9. 768. Fellah : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 96. 

10. 769. Fellah : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 81. 

11. 770. Fellah of the better class : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 83. 

12. 771. Fellah of Lower Egypt : woman, aetat. 70. F. A. 75^. 
I. C. 78. 

13. 772. Fellah of Lower Egypt: man, aetat. 30. F. A. 73 p . 
I. C 74. 

14. 773. Fellah of Lower Egypt : woman, aetat. 20. F. A. 75 Q . 
I. C. 76. . 

Nos. 766 to 770, inclusive, were merely marked Arab, but they are 

all obviously Fellahs. 
Nos. 771 to 773, inclusive, I refer to the same people, though sent 

me as Jewish crania. 

15. 774. Fellah : village-chief, or " Sheik-el-belled," from Shubra, 
aetat. 80. I. C. 88. 

16. 775. Fellah of Shubra : woman of 70. I. C. 75. 

17. 776. Fellah of Shubra, in Lower Egypt : woman, aetat. 20. 
F. A. 79°. I. C. 74. 

18. 778. Fellah of Mattorieh, (Heliopolis,) in Lower Egypt : woman, 
aetat. 30. F. A. 75°. I. C. 72. 

19. 779. Fellah of Mattorieh : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 80 p . I. C 
86. 

Nos. 499 to 779, from G. R. Gliddon, Esq. 

[Nos. 499, 774 and 766 to 770, inclusive, have been labelled by 
Dr. Morton " Arab." But the osteological differences between these 
" Arabs" and the " Fellahs" with which they are associated, ap- 
pear to me entirely too slight to warrant their separation. In the 
accompanying engravings, taken from Crania jEgyptiaca, it will 
be seen that the so-called Arab differ from the Fellah skulls main- 
ly in having a somewhat more recedent forehead. The former are 



44 



CATALOGUE OF 



probably the hybrid offspring of Fellah and Arabian parents, the 
Fellah element predominating. (See page 34.) 





XII. INDOSTANIC RACE. 

Ayras (?) 

(<7tfse4.) 

1 1329. ElNDU fanatic from Juggernaut : woman, rctat. 25. I. C. 86. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



45 



2. 1330. Sumboo-sing, a Hindu of the Brahmin caste, handed at 
" Calcutta for murder, December, 1840. M tat. 40. I. C 91. 




Hindu (1330). 

3. 1331, Hindu fanatic from Juggernaut, A. D. 1839, a beautiful 
head : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 87. 

4. 1332. Gunga-Govind, Hindu, aetat. 40. I. C. 86. 

5. 1334. Sepoy, or Hindu soldier, with cicatrised fracture and de- 
pression of the right frontal, malar and superior maxillary bones. 
-^Etat. 40. I. C. 86. 

6. 1335. Hindu from the hospital of Calcutta, with syphilitic per- 
forating ulcers of the cranium. Man, aetat. 60. I. C. 81. 

The preceding six skulls, !Nos. 1329 to 1335, inclusive, were pro- 
cured in Calcutta by my friend Dr. Charles Huffnagle, and by him 
presented to me, A. D. 1847. 

7. 712. Thugg of India, executed at Calcutta for murder : man. 
aetat. 30. F. A. 80°. I. C. 90. Presented by Dr. Martin, of 
Calcutta, through W. A. Foster, Esq. 

8. 713. Thugg, executed with the preceding, and presented by Dr. 
Martin, through W. A. Foster, Esq. Woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 76 c . 
I. C. 79. 

Bengalees. 

(Case 4.) 

1. 4. Bengalee child of twelve years. 

2. 5. Bengalee child of six years. 

3. 6. Bengalee : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 81°. I. C. 85. 

4. 8. Hindu of Bengal: woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 73. 
Nos. 4 to 8 were presented by Dr. Burrough. 

5. 19. Bengalee child of 5 years. From Dr. Joseph Carson 



16 CATALOGUE OF 

6. 20. TlrxDU of Bengal: man, setat. 40. I. C. 78. Dr. Bur- 
rough. 

7 25. Hindu of Bengal : woman, setat. 25. I. C. 74. Wm. 
Cobb Hurry, Esq. 

8. 28. Bengalee child of seven years. 

!). 29. Bengalee child of five years. 

10. 31. Hindu of Bengal : woman aetat. 30. I. C. 67. 

11. 32. Hindu of Bengal : girl of twelve years. 
Nos. 28 to 32 from Dr. Burrough. 

12. 49. Hindu: man, setat. 70. I. C. 90. Dr. Joseph Carson. 

13. 51. Hindu of Bengal : woman, setat. 30. F. A. 77°. I. C 
70. Dr. Joseph Carson. 

14. 83. Hindu of Bengal : girl of 16. I. C'67. Dr. James Mease. 

15. 410. Hindu : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 84. 

16. 411. Hindu : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 86. 

17. 413. Hindu : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 83°. I. C. 79. 
Nos. 410 to 413 from Henry Piddington, Esq., of Calcutta. 

18. 432. Hindu of Bengal : man, aetat. 25. I. C. 86. 

19. 442. Bengalee : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 79°. I. C. 69. 

20. 443. Bengalee : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 84. 

21. 444. Bengalee : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 81. 
Nos. 443 and 444 from Dr. Joseph Carson. 

22. 547. Hindu of Bengal : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 85. 

23. 553. Hindu of Bengal : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 83. 

24. 554. Hindu of Bengal : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. 
Nos. 553 and 554 from H. Piddington, Esq. 



:.». 



948. Bengalee : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 76-5. 



26. 1309. Hindu : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 84. 

27. 1310. Hindu : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 74. 

28. 1311. Hindu: man, aetat. 50. I. C. 78. 

29. 1312. Hindu : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 73. 
Nos. 1309 to 1312 from Dr. James Mease. 

30. 1344. Hindu of Bengal: man, aetat. 30. I. C. 75. Brought 
from India with other crania, by Dr. Mead, and presented to me. 
on his behalf, by Dr. John Watson, of New York, 1847. 

81. 1554. Hindu : found on the margin of the Ganges, by Dr. C. B. 
Matthews. Presented by Dr. B. II. Coates, March 2d, 1852. 

32. 1047. Bengalee : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 67. From Dr. T. R. 

Calhoun. 
83. 665. Hindu, deposited by Dr. Ruschenberger. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 47 

34. 101, Hindu : young woman. 

35; 111. Hindu (?) The three preceding skulls are of uncertain 
locality. 

XIII. INDO-CHINESE RACE. 

1. 666. Skull of a Burmese soldier. 

2. 667. Skull of a Burmese soldier. Both from the late Dr. Har- 
lan's collection. Presented by Mr. Harlan. 

II. MONGOLIAN GROUP. 

I. CHINESE RACE. 
(CaseL) 

1. 3. Chinese : man, setat. 60. Born in the province of Canton, 
I. C. 89. Dr. J. K. Mitchell. This man and three accomplices 
were executed for murder. 

2. 56, Chinese : man, setat. 60. I. C. 91. Dr. T. F. Betton, 
1833. 

o. 94. Chinese : man, setat. 50. I. C. 70. One of the seventeen 
pirates who attacked and took the French ship " Le Navigateur" 
in the China Sea. Dr. Ruschenberger. 




Chinese (94). 

4. 426. Chinese of Canton : man, setat. 40. I. C. 83. Dr. Door- 
nik. 

5. 427. Chinese, hanged for forgery at Batavia, in Java: man, 
aetat. 30. F. A. 78°. I. C. 83.' Dr. Doornik. 

6. 550. Chinese of Canton : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 75. 

7. 1336, Chinese, hanged at Singapore for piracy, A. D. 1845. 
Man, setat. 40. I. C. 98. The face in this instance conforms in 
every respect to the Mongolian type, but the cranium is one of the 



48 



CATALOGUE OF 



most beautiful I have ever seen among any race or nation. Pro- 
cured in Calcutta by my friend Dr. Charles Huffnagle, and by him 
presented to me, A. D. 1847. 

8. 1526. Chinese child, setat. From Cumsingmoom. J. Hop- 

kinson, M. D., U. S. N. 

'J. 1527. Cochin-Chinese from Turon Bay. Man, setat. I. C 

91.5. J. Hopkinson, M. D., U. S. N. 

10. 659, Chinese. From Dr. B. McCarta, M. D. Deposited by Mr. 
W. P. Johnson. I. C. 85. 

11. 670. Nincjpo-Chinese. From Dr. McCarta. Presented by Dr. 
J. Carson. I. C. 84-5. 

II. JAPANESE KACE. 

1. 668. Japanese. Presented by Dr. A. M. Lynch, U. S. N. I. C. 
80. 




Japanese (668.) 

1. 672. Cranium of a Loo Cnoo Islander. 

2. 673. Cranium of a Loo Cnoo Islander. 

Nos. 072 and 073 were presented by Dr. B. Vreeland, Passed Assist- 
ant Surgeon, U. S. N. (See page 52, note.) 



III. HYPERBOREAN RACE. 

(Case 4.) 
1. 1355. Cast of the skull of a young Burat-Mongol. Prof 
Retzius. 

1 . 725. Cast of the skull of a Kamschatkan female. Dr. ( - 

Fowler. 
[It is long and flat, and presents quite a different proportion between 
the bi-temporal, longitudinal and vertical diameters from what we 
find in the heads of the true Hyperboreans. The low, flat, and 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



49 



smooth forehead is devoid of the keel-like formation perceptible in 
. the Eskimo. The carinated ridge makes its appearance along the 
middle and posterior part of the inter-parietal suture. The widest 
transverse diameter is near the superior edge of the temporal bone ; 
from this point the diameter contracts both above and below. As 
in the Eskimo, the occiput is full and prominent, as is also the 
posterior surface of the parietal bones, which surface, in the Eski- 
mo, however, is fiat. The forehead inclines upwards and back- 
wards to a prominence in the middle of the inter-parietal suture, 
from which point it is rounded off posteriorly. The face forms a 
broad oval ; the orbits are large, deep, and have their transverse 
axete at right angles with the median line of the face. The malar 
bones, though large, are neither so prominent nor high as in the 
Eskimo. They are laterally compressed, more rounded, and less 
flared out at their inferior margin in the Polar man. The anterior 
nares are flat and smooth, and the alveolar arch somewhat more 
prominent than in the typical Eskimo, as is shown by comparing 
them by the norma verticalis. Upon examining the basis cranii, 
we observe, at once, the globular fulness of the occipital region, 
and an alteration in the general configuration of the base, as com- 
pared with that of the true Arctic skull. The greatest breadth is 
not confined to the zygomatic region, for lines drawn from the most 
prominent point of the zygomae to the most prominent point of the 
mastoid process, on either side, are parallel to each other.] 

1. 1553. Kalmuck. Presented by Charles Cramer, Esq., of St. 
Petersburg Russia. P. A. 81°. I. C. 93-75. 




Kalmuck (1553). 
[In the accompanying figure, the reader will observe that the cra^ 



50 CATALOGUE OF 

niuni is nearly globular, while the forehead is broad, flat, and less 
receding than in the Eskimo and Kamtskatkan. Without bein^r 
ridged or keel-like, the median line of the cranium forms a regular 
arch, the most prominent point of which is at the junction of the 
coronal and sagittal sutures. Behind and above the meatus, the 
head swells out into a globe or sphere, instead of tapering away 
postero-laterally towards the median line, as in the Eskimo crania. 
This appearance is also well seen in the head figured by Blumen- 
bach.* He says of it, " habitus totius cranii quasi inflatus et 
tumidus." The eye at once detects the striking difference between 
the facial angle of this cranium and that of the Eskimo figured on 
the next page. In the latter, the facial bones resemble a huge wedge 
lying in front of the head proper. This appearance, it is true, is 
somewhat dependent upon the obtuseness of the angle of the lower 
jaw, but mainly, as will be seen, upon the prominent chin and 
prognathous jaw. In the Kalmuck, the facial bones form a sort 
of oblong figure, and are by no means so prominent. The face is 
broad, flat, and square ; the superciliary ridges are massive and 
prominent ; the orbits are large, and directed somewhat outwards ; 
the ossa nasi are broad and rather flat, forming an obtuse 
angle with each other ; the malar bones are large, strong, protuber- 
ant, and roughly marked.] 

1 . 1248. Laplander : man, setat. 40. I. C. 94. 

2. 1250. Cast of the skull of a Lapland child two years of age. 

3. 1257. Cast of the skull of a Lapland woman. 

4. 1552. True Laplander. F. A. 83-5°. 1. C. 102. 

5. 1551. Hybrid Laplander. F. A. 83°. I. C. 78.75. 
The preceding 5 skulls from Prof. Retzius. 

1. 1558. Eskimo skull. Presented to Dr. E. K. Kane by Surgeon 
Donnet of H. M. S. Assistance, North Baffin's Bay. Lat. 76o 30' N. 
I.C. 98. F. A. 73°. 
[The following brief resumi of the characteristics of an Eskimo cra- 
nium will serve as a commentary upon the accompanying figures, 
which represent the front and lateral views of the head above men- 
tioned (No. 1558J. The male Eskimo skull is large, long, narrow, 
pyramidal ; greatest breadth near the base ; sagittal suture promi- 
nent and keel-like, in consequence of the angular junction of the 

* Tab. XIV. of the Decades. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 51 

parietal and two halves of the frontal bones ; proportion between 
length of head and height of face as 7 to 5 ; proportion between 
cranial and facial halves of the occipito-mental diameter as 4£ to 
5 ; attachment for the temporal muscle large ; zygomatic fossae 
deep and capacious ; mastoid processes thick and prominent ; gle- 





I 

Lateral view of Cranium. Front view of same. 

Eskimo (1558). 
(From Dr. Kane's First Artie Voyage.') 

noid cavity capacious, and adapted to considerable lateral motion 
of the condyles; forehead flat and receding ; occiput full and sa- 
lient ; face broad and lozenge-shaped, the greatest breadth being 
just below the orbits ; malar bones broad, high, and prominent, the 
external surface looking antero-laterally ; orbits large and straight ; 
zygomatic arches massive and widely separated ; length of the face 
one inch less than the breadth ; nasal bones flat, narrow, and united 
at an obtuse angle, sometimes lying in the same plane as the naso- 
maxillary processes ; superior maxilla massive and prognathous, 
its anterior surface flat and smooth, superior alveolar margin oval ; 
inferior margin of anterior nares flat, smooth, inclining forwards 
and downwards ; inferior maxilla large, long, and triangular ; semi- 
lunar notch quite shallow; angles of the jaw flared out, and chin 
prominent ; teeth large, and worn in such a manner as to present, 
in the upper jaw, an inclination from without inwards, upwards, 
and laterally, and in the lower jaw, just the reverse ; anteropos- 
terior diameter of cuspids greater than the transverse ; configuration 
of the basis cranii triangular, with the base of the triangle forward 
between the zygomae, the truncated apex looking posteriorly ; 
breadth of base about one-half the length ; shape of foramen mag- 



52 CATALOGUE OP 

num an irregular oval ; anterior margin of foramen magnum on a 
line with the posterior edge of the external meati. 
The female cranium differs from the male in being smaller, lighter, 
and presenting a smoother surface and more delicate structure. 
The malar bones are less massive, the face not quite so broad, 
and the anterior surface of the superior maxilla concave rather 
than flat.] 

2. 1559. Eskimo. Taken by Dr. Kane, from the Eider duck resorts, 
near the " Three Islands of Baffin." Lat. 73° 50' N. I. C. 84.25 
F. A. 

3. 1560. Eskimo. Taken from a low island off Storoe'. Lat. 72° 
15' N. I. C. 80.5. F. A. 

4. 1561. Eskimo from Storoe. I. C. 81. F. A. 

The above 4 crania were presented to the Academy by the late Dr. E. K. 
Kane, U. S. N., of the Grinnell Arctic Expedition. 

5. 1562, Eskimo skull obtained by Dr. E. K. Kane from an ancient 
grave or cairn, at the Eskimo village of Etah, north of Cape Alex- 
ander. Presented by Dr. J. K. Kane, Aug. 12, 1856. 

0. 1563. Eskimo skull from the Danish settlement of Upernavick. 
Presented by Dr. S. W. Mitchell, Aug. 12, 1856. 

7. 674, Eskimo skull. 

8. 675. Eskimo skull. 

9. 676. Eskimo skull. 

10. 677. Eskimo skull. 

11. 678, Eskimo skull. 

12. 679. Eskimo skull. 

13. 200. Eskimo skull. ^ 



These crania were procured at God- 
havn, Disco Island, coast of Greenland, 
by Dr. B. Yreeland, U. S. N., and by him 
kindly presented to the Academy.* 



III. MALAY GROUP. 

I. MALAYAN RACE. 
{Case 5.) 
1. 41. Tagblos Malay, native of the Island of Luzon (Luconia) 
in the Manilla Sea. Woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 68. Dr. Burrough. 

* The above seven Eskimo crania, together with the two Loo Chooan skulls 
recorded on page 48 were opportunely received from Dr. Yreeland, while the 
of this and the preceding ". signatures'' of the Catalogue were passing 
through the pre.— , April 7th, 1857. It will be observed that the introduction of 
these nine heads in their appropriate places increases the total number of skulls 
in the Collection from 1U35 to 1044, and causi 3 the Catalogue to differ slightly 
from the tabular enumeration given on page 15. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



53 



2. 495. Malay of Ceylon; Singalese : man, aetat. 20. I. C. 85. 
Dr. Ruschenberger. 

3. 1338. Malay of Aniboyna ; Saparoua: man, aetat. 30. I. C 73. 

4. 459. Malay of Amboyna ; man, aetat. 30. I. C. 84. Dr. Ruschen- 
berger. 

430. Malay of Amboyna ; man, aetat. 30. F. A. 73°. I. C. 92. 
460. Malay of Malacca : man, aetat. 40. I. 0. 77. Dr. Ruschen- 
berger. 
546. Malay of Macassar : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 92. 

8. 429. Malay of Macassar, in the Island of Celebes : man, aetat. 
50. F. A. 820. i. C . 97. 

9. 1340. Malayan of Macassar : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 77. 

10. 1341. Javanese Malay: man, aetat. 35. I. C. 83. 

11. 545. Javanese Malay : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 81. 

12. 46: Javanese Malay : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 93. Dr. Mead. 

13. 428. Javanese of the District of Djogocarta : man, aetat. 20. 
I. C. 88. 

14. 47. Malay of the Island of Bally, coast of Java. F. A. 69°. 
I. C. 82. Dr. Mead. 




Malay (47). 

15. 1337. Malayan, hanged at Singapore for piracy, A. D. 1845. 
Man, aetat. 40. I. C. 96. 

16. 425. Malay of Borneo : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 91. 

17. 1186. Malay of Borneo: man, aetat. 40. I. C. 89. Hanged at 
Batavia for piracy, A. D. 1826. From Dr. Jones, of Xew Orleans. 

18. 1316. Malay child : Island of Gee Foo. H. Piddington, Esq. 

19. 543. Malay : man, setat. 40. I. C. 96. 

20. 544. Malay : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 91. 

21. 1339. Malayan of Madura : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 96. 

22. 424. Malay of the Island of Madura, in the Indian Archipelago : 
man, aetat. 30. I. C. 80. 



54 CATALOGUE OP 

'23. 201. Cast of the skull of a Madurese. Presented by Mr. Harlan. 
24. 433. Malay of the Island of Sumbawa : man, aotat. 30. I. C. 80. 
Nos. 1338, 1839, 1840 and 1341 were brought from India by Dr. 
Mead, and presented to me on his behalf, by Dr. John Watson, of 
New York, 1847. 
Nos. 424, 425, 428, 429, 430 and 433 are from Dr. Doornik. 
Nos. 543, 544, 545 and 546, from Dr. Doornik's collection, were pre- 
sented by Dr. Jones of New Orleans, through B. F. French, Esq. 

Di/alcs. 

1. 1523. Skull of a Dyak woman, prepared as a trophy according to 
the usage of these people. Obtained in an assault upon a native 
village, on the river Barya, near Pontianck, in the S. W. region of 
Borneo. Brought from Sarawak, in that Island, A. D. 1850, by 
Mr. Wm. A. Gliddon, and by him presented to me. I. C. 81. 
iEtat. 25. 

2. 1525. Kiong-Dyak, from the dead-house of those people, in the 
interior of Borneo : Woman, aetat. 30. I. 0. 86. From J. Hop- 
kinson, M. D., U. S. N. 

II. POLYNESIAN RACE. 

Kanakas. 
{Case 5.) 

1. 564. Kanaka, of Oahu : woman. I. C. 82. 

2. 565. Kanaka, or Sandwich Islander of Oahu. I. C. 83. 

3. 566. Kanaka, or Sandwich Islander of Oahu : man. 

These three skulls, Nos. 564, 565, 566, were presented to Dr. Rusch- 
enberger by a chief of the Sandwich Islands, Dr. R. having so- 
licited them for scientific purposes. Two of these skulls have the 
face-bones completely and somewhat skilfully separated from the 
head j which, so far as I can learn, was a customary usage in the 
performance of human sacrifices : and these remains were probably 
disinterred from that part of the Moral devoted in former years to 
this class of persons. Capt. Cook's head, when restored to his 
friends after his murder at Owyhee, had been divided precisely in 
this way, although but a few days had elapsed. See Cook's Third 
Voyage, Volume 2, page 80. 

4. 572. Kanaka of the Sandwich Islands : man, eetat. 40. F. A. 
78°. I. C. 84. Dr. J. K. Townscnd. 

[This head affords a good idea of the general cranial type of Poly- 



HUMAN CRANIA. 55 

nesia. It is elongated; the forehead recedent ; the face long and 
oval; the breadth between the orbits considerable; the alveolar 




Kanaka (572). 

margin of the superior maxillary slightly prominent ; the lower 
jaw large and regularly rounded. The breadth and shortness of the 
base and the peculiar flatness of the sub-occipital region give to the 
whole head an elongated or drawn-out appearance.] 

5. 695. Kanaka of Oahu : girl of 10 years. F. A. 82°. Dr. J. K. 
Townsend. 

6. 1300. Kanaka, or native of the Sandwich Islands : man, astat. 40. 
I. C. 82. Lt. I. G. Strain, U. S. N. 1846. 

7. 1308. Head of a Kanaka or Sandwich Islander : woman? astat. 
30. Dr. Gibbon. 

New-Zealanders, Marquesas, Sfc. 

1. 680, New Zealand chief: tattooed. Dr. Samuel McClellan. 

2. 1324, Head of a New Zealand chief, embalmed according to the 
custom of those Islanders. 

3. 1325, Head of a New Zealander, prepared in the same manner 
as No. 1324. 

4. 202, New Zealand head, tattooed. From the late Dr. Harlan's 
collection. Presented by Mr. Harlan. 

1. 1531, Marquesas skull from the village of Whytahoo, Eesolu- 
tion Bay, in the Island of Christina, where it was obtained in 1841, 
by Lt. H. A. Steele, U. S. N., for Dr. L. P. Bush, and by the 
latter presented to me. F. A. 82°. I. C. 90.5. The Christina 
Islanders are cannibals. 
[This head exhibits a narrow, dolicho-cephalic form ; the frontal re- 
gion flat and narrow ; the posterior region broad and ponderous ; 



56 



CATALOGUE OF 



the face massive and roughly marked ; the superior maxilla more 
everted than in the Sandwich Islander ; altogether a low and brutal 
form.] 

' IV. AMERICAN GROUP. 

I. BARBAROUS RACE. 

a. NORTH AMERICANS. 

(Case 5.) 

Ariclcarees. 

1. 649. Indian of the Arickaree tribe of Upper Missouri : woman, 
aetat. 40. F. A. 76°. I. C. 73. Dr. B. B. Brown. 

-• 949. Arickaree Indian of the Upper Missouri : woman, setat. 
20, with the frontal suture. I. C. 75. Mr. J. N. Nicollet. 

3. 748. Arickaree Indian of Missouri : woman, setat. 50. I. C. 
80. From Mr. J. N. Nicollet. 

Assinaboins. 

1. 659. Assinaeoin Indian of Upper Missouri: man aetat. 50. 
F. A. 79°. I. C. 101. Dr. B. B. Brown of St. Louis. 

2. 1230. Assixaboin Indian of Missouri : woman, setat. 20. I. C. 85. 

3. 1231. Assinaboin woman, setat. 18. I. C. 85. 

Nos. 1230 and 1231 from J. J. Audubon, Esq., A. D. 1845. 

Cherokees. 

1. 632. Cherokee? woman, aetat. 20. F. A. 77°. I. C. 90. " From 
a cave at Springtown, north of the river Hiwassee, and near an 
ancient battle-ground. The form of the cranium and the develop- 
ments are strikingly characteristic of the mountain Cherokee of the 
present day." 

2. 633. Cherokee? girl of 14. F. A. 7G°. Found with the pre- 
ceding. 

3. 634. Cherokee : woman, ectat. 20. F. A. 74°. I. C. 84. 

4. 635. CHEROKEE child, eight years of age. 

632 to Go5, inclusive, from Dr. Martin, U. S. A. 

5. 1285. Cherokee, from a mound in South Carolina. I. C. 96. 
Dr. Hardy, of Ashville, North Carolina. 

0. 1297. Ciikrokee: man, ;etat. 50. I. C. 84. From SoutU Caro- 
lina. Dr. Hardy. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 57 

Chetimaches. 

1. 43. Chetimache Indian of Louisiana : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 
77o. I. C. 84. See No. 70. Dr. Le Beau. 

2. 70. Chetimache Indian of Louisiana: woman, setat. 50. F. A. 
71°. I. C. 75. Dr. J. Le Beau. See Crania Americana, plate 
19 and page 163. 

Chinooks. • 

1. 457. Chinook Indian of Oregon : woman, aetat. 60. F. A. 73°. 
I. C. 82. Natural form. Dr. John K. Mitchell. 

2. 462. Skull of a Chinook chief of Oregon, greatly flattened by art : 
aetat. 60. F. A. 72°. I. C. 72. From Dr. J. K. Townsend, who also 
brought me the cradle and other apparatus by means of which this 
singular distortion is produced. See Crania Americana, page 208 
and plate 43. 

3. 578, Chinook slave of Oregon : head of the natural form. 
Woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 76°. I. C. 75. Dr. Townsend. Crania 
Americana, plate 42 and page 207. 

4. 641, Indian child of the Chinook tribe, about four years old : 
much flattened by art. Dr. J. K. Townsend. 

5. 721. Skull of a Chinook Indian, flattened by art : man, aetat. 50. 
Columbia River. I. C. 88. W. Slakum, Esq., U. S. N. 

6. 1349. Skull of a Chinook child six years old, flattened by art. 
From Port Discovery, Straits of Fuca. Dr. Wm. Maxwell Wood, 
U. S. N. 1847. 

7. 1350. Entire desiccated body of a Chinook infant, aged about 
two years. The head is greatly flattened by artificial processes. 
From Dr. Wm. Maxwell Wood, U. S. N. 1847. 

8. 203. Chinook skull from Clatsop. Presented by Dr. J. H. B- 
McClellan, May 5th, 1856. 

(Case 6.) 
Chippeways. 

1. 683. Chippeway warrior of Upper Canada, aetat. 50. F. A. 84°. 
I. C. 97. H. R. Schoolcraft, Esq. Crania Americana, plate 28 
and page 177. 

2. 684. Chippeway Indian : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 73°. I. C. 85. 
Prof. Eaton. 

Cotonays. 

1. 744. Cotonay or Black-foot Indian, of the Bocky mountains : 
man, aetat. 40. I. C. 94. From Mr. J. N. Nicollet. 

2. 745. Cotonay or Black-foot : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. 



58 



CATALOGUE OF 



3. 1227. Cotonay (Black-foot) chief, named the " Bloody Hand/' 
retat. 50. I. C. 88. F. A. 75°. Upper Missouri. From J. J. Audu- 
bon, Esq. A. D. 1845. 




Cotonay (1227). 

Creeks. 

1. 441. Creek warrior of Alabama. F. A. 74o. I. C. 91. Dr. 
J. Pancoast. 

2. 579. Athla-ficksa : a Muskogee or Creek chief, aetat. 50. 
F. A. 72°. I. C. 97. Dr. H. S. Rennolds, U. S. N. Crania 
Americana, plate 26 and page 170. 

3. 751, Creek woman of Georgia, aetat. SO. I. C. 81. Dr. Joseph 
Walker. 

4. 1454. Creek Indian of Western Arkansas : woman, Eetat 70. I. C. 
86. Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, 1850. 

Dacotas. 
1. 605. Dacota or Sioux Indian of Wisconsin : man. aetat. 20. 




Dacota or Sioux (G05). 
F. A. 77°. I. C. 90. Dr. Poole. Crania Americana, plate 39 
and page 198. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 59 

2. 112i Dacota or Sioux Indian. 

3. 204. Dacota or Sioux Indian. From Dr. T. Gr. Morton. 

Hurons. 

1. 15. Huron chief, aetat. 60, killed near Detroit in a rencontre with 
another Indian. F. A. 73°. I. C 75. See Crania Americana, 
plate 37. 

2. 607. Huron? Indian, from Cleveland, Ohio : woman, aetat. 40. 
F. A. 76o. I. C. 82. Dr. Mendenhall. 

3. 1217. Indian of the Huron? tribe. I. C. 86. 

4. 1218. Huron Indian: woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 83. 

These two skulls were taken from a mound near Detroit, by Lt. Meigs, 
U. S. A., A. D. 1844. 

Illinois. 

1. 1010. Illinois Indian. 

2. 1042. Illinois Indian. 

Iroquois. 

1. 16. Iroquois ? Exhumed with many others near Lake Erie, 
about 20 miles east of Niagara, A. D. 1824. F. A. 74°. I. C. 103. 
Mr. Thomas Fisher. 

2. 119. Iroquois Indian. 

3. 989. Indian warrior : Iroquois ? aetat. 80. I. C. 89. Dr. W. 
B. Casey. 

Lenapes, or Delawares. 

1. 40. Lenape or Delaware Indian : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 76°. 
I. C. 82. Dr. Z. Pitcher. See Crania Americana, plate 32 and 
page 189. 

2. 115. Lenape or Delaware Indian. 

3. 118. Lenape or Delaware Indian. 

4. 41 8 ( Manta Indian ? A tribe of the Lenape or Delaware nation. 
F. A. 79°. I. C. 75. Found in excavating near the bank of the 
Delaware River in New Jersey, about four miles above Burlington. 
The body, with several others, was buried in the sitting posture. 
Dr. Edward Swain. 

5. 1263. Cranium of a Lenape or Delaware Indian : man, setat. 30. 
I. C. 80. Dug from an aboriginal cemetery at Richmond, on the 
Delaware River, about four miles north of Philadelphia, A. D. 1847. 
The atlas vertebra is anchylosed with the occipital bone. Mr. Isaac 
Morris. 



60 CATALOGUE OP 

6. 1264, Lenape or Delaware Indian : woman, setat. 50. I. C. 81. 
One of those massacred by the whites at the settlement on White 
River, Indiana. Dr. E. Fussell. 

7. 1265. Lenape or Delaware Indian. 

8. 205. Delaware Indian : fragmentary. 

9. 206. Delaware Indian : fragmentary. 

Nos. 205 and 206 were dug up from a street in Philadelphia. 
Presented by Dr. Geo. P. Oliver, November, 1852. 
10. 568, Minsi (?) Lenape. 

Mandans. 

1. 643. Indian'of the Mandan tribe : woman, setat. 16. F. A. 77° • 
I. C. 86. Dr. B. B. Brown. 

2. 644. Mandan Indian of Missouri : woman, aetat. 40. F. A 74° 
I. C. 79. Dr. B. B. Brown. 

3. 738. Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri: woman, setat. 30. 
I. C. 77. 

4. 739. Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri : woman, setat. 30. 
I. C. 81. 

5. 740. Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri : man, setat. 40. 
I. C. 91. 

6. 741. Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri : man, setat. 50. 
I. C 85. 

7. 742. Mandan Indian of the Upper Missouri : man, setat. 50. 
I. C. 86. 

Nob. 738 to 742, inclusive, from J. N. Nicollet, Esq. 

Menomtnees. 

1. 35. Menominee Indian of Michigan : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 

72°, I. C. 74. J. A. Lapham, Esq. 
"2. 44. Menominee Indian of Michigan: woman, aetat. 50. F. A. 

75°. I. C. 77. J. A. Lapham, Esq., of Milwaukee. 

3. 78. Indian of the Menominee tribe of Michigan : man, setat. 
40. F. A. 78°. I. C. 88. J. A. Lapham, Esq. 

4. 454. Menominee Indian of Michigan. P. A. 79°. I. C. 88. 
Dr. Saterlee, U. S. A. Crania Americana, plate 29 and page 179. 

5. 563. Menominee Indian : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 76°. I. C. 
87. J. A. Lapham, Esq. 

6. 1220. Menominee Indian of Michigan. I. C. 88, Mr. Lapham. 

7. 1222. Natonake, a Menominee chief, aetat. 40. I. C. 86. Mr. 
J. P. Wethcrill. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 61 

Miamis. 

1. 106. Miami Indian. 

2. 407. Miami Indian of Indiana. F. A. 75o. I. C. 87. Dr. Tuley. 

3. 541. Miami Indian. 

4. 542. Miami Chief, setat. 45. F. A. 75°. I.C.95. Dr. J, W. 
Davies, Indiana. Crania Americana, plate 30 and page 182. 

5. 1052. Miami Indian. 

6. 1053. Miami Indian. 

7. 1054. Miami Indian. F. A. 79*. 

8. 1056. Miami Indian. 

9. 1055. Miami : woman, setat. 40. F. A. 79°. I. C. 81. 

10. 1057. Miami : woman, setat. 30. F. A. 77°. I. C. 84. 

11. 1058. Miami : child twelve years old. 

The preceding three Miami skulls were obtained near Pendleton, 
Indiana, by Dr. Edwin Fussell. 

12. 1233. Miami Indian : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 84. Rev. W. F. 
Ferguson. 1845. 

Minetaris. 

1. 650. Indian of the Minetari tribe of Missouri : woman, setat. 40. 
F. A. 74°. I. C. 87. 

2. 746. Minetari or Gros-ventre of Missouri : woman, setat. 30. 
I. C. 82. 

3. 747. Minetari or Gros-ventre Indian of Missouri : woman, setat. 
40. I. C. 83. 

4. 749. Minetari or Gros-ventre of Missouri: man, setat. 40. 
I. C. 94. 

Nos. 746 to 749, inclusive, from Mr. J. N. Nicollet, 

Mohawks. 

1. 895. Mohawk Indian : man, setat. 50. Exhumed near Manheim, 
New York. I. C. 89. 

2. 896. Mohawk Indian : woman, setat. 80. Obtained with the 
preceding. I. C. 83. 

3. 897. Mohawk Indian : girl of 16. Found with the preceding. 
I. C. 81. 

Nos. 895 to 897, inclusive, from L. Yanuxem and J. Beardsley, Esqs. 

(Case 7.) 
Narragansets. 
1. 693. Narraganset Indian, from an old cemetery of that tribe on 
the western shore of Tiverton, in Rhode Island. Man, setat. 30. 
I. C. 85. Dr. Thomas C. Dunn. 



02 



CATALOGUE OP 



Series of eight skulls, 950 to 957, of the Narraganset tribe of Indians, 
of llhode Island : from Dr. Usher Parsons, of Providence, R s I. 
1840. 

. 950. Narraganset : woman, aetat. 70. F. A. 82°. I. C. 85. 
951. Narraganset : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 72°. I. C. 80. 



952. Narraganset : woman, aetat. 80. I. C. 84. 



1 1 



953. Narraganset : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 72°. I. C. 

954. Narraganset : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 77. 

7. 955. Narraganset : man, aetat. 60. F. A. 75°. I. C. 78. 

8. 956. Narraganset : man, aetat. 70. F. A. 74 Q . I. C. 90. 

9. 957. Narraganset : man, aetat. 25. F- A. 73 p . I. C. 82 
10. 1040. Narraganset Indian : woman, aetat. 70, with a singularly 

elongated head. I. C. 72. 

Natchez. 

1. 102, Natchez Indian. Cast. 

2. 1106. Natchez Indian, moulded by art into a flattened cone. Mr. 
J. Tooley, Jr., of Natchez, 1840. See American Journal of 
Science, for July, 1846. 

For further information on this mode of moulding the head among 
the Natchez tribes, see Garulaso de la Vega, Hist, de la Florida, 
' Lib. IV. cap. 13 ; and Crania Americana, page 160. 




Natchkz (HOG). 
Naticks. 

103. Natick Indian of Nantucket. 

104, Natick Indian of Nantucket. 
107. Natick Indian of Nantucket. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



63 



2. 



3. 



110. Natick Indian of Nantucket. 
401. Natick Indian of Nantucket. 



Dr. Paul Swift. 



Oregon Tribes. 

461 1 Skull of a Clickitat Indian of Oregon, much flattened by 
art. Man, setat. 50. F. A. 70°. I. C. 84. Dr. J. K. Townsend. 
Crania Americana, plate 48 and page 214. 

207. Clickitat Indian from Dewamish or White river (Lat. 
47° 30' N.). Presented by Dr. J. H. B. McClellan, who received 
it from Mr. George Gibbs, of Steilacoom, Washington Territory. 

573. Indian of the Kowalitsk tribe of Oregon : artificially com- 




Kowalitsk (573). 

pressed. Man, setat. 40. F. A. 66 9 . I. C. 79. Dr. J. K. Town- 
send. Crania Americana, plates 49 and 50, and page 215. 




Kowalitsk (573). 

4. 574, Indian of the Calapootah tribe of Oregon : artificially 
compressed. Man, setat. 50. F. A. 68°. I. C. 91. Dr. J, K. 
Townsend. Crania Americana, plate 47 and page 212. 



(54 



CATALOGUE OF 



8. 




Calapooyah (574). 

5. 575. Clatsap Indian of Oregon : artificially compressed. Man. 
setat. 50. F. A. 70°. I. C. 82. Dr. J. K. Townsend. Crania 
Americana, plate 46 and page 211. 




Clatsap (575). 

576. KilleivIOOK chief. 

577. Indian of the Klatstoni tribe of Oregon : artificially com- 
pressed. Man, aetat. 50. F. A. 70°. I. C. 75. Dr. J. K. Town- 
send. Crania Americana, plate 44 and page 210. 

208. NlSQUALLT Indian of the Selish or Flathead family. From 
Washington Territory. Presented by Dr. J. H. B. McClellan, 
May 5th, 1856. 

O sages. 
54. OSAGE warrior of Arkansas, aetat. 30. F. A. 77°. I. C 81. 
Dr. Z. Pitcher. See Crania Americana, plate 41 and page 199. 
660. Osage Indian of Upper Missouri : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 
60°. I. C. 84. Dr. B. B. Brown. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 65 

Otoes. 

1. 755. Otoe warrior of the Upper Missouri, aetat. 50. I. C. 80. 

2. 756. Otoe warrior of the Upper Missouri, aetat. 60. I. C. 94. 

3. 757. Otoe warrior of the Upper Missouri, aetat. 50. I. C. 83. 

4. 758. Otoe child, eight months old. 

Nos. 755 to 758, inclusive, from Dr. J. Walker, U. S. A. 

Ottawas. 

1. 1006. Ottawa chief of Michigan, aetat. 50. I. C 85. 

2. 1007. Ottawa warrior, aetat. 75. I. C 89. 

3. 1008. Ottawa woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 76. 

4. 1009. Ottawa boy, aetat. 14. I. C. 77. 

The four preceding skulls were obtained in Michigan by Dr. George 
C. Leib, A. D. 1842. 

Ottigamies, 

1. 415. Indian of the Ottigamie tribe, a half-breed, killed in a 
quarrel at Quincy, Illinois, A. D. 1830. F. A. 76°. Dr. S. P. 
Hildreth. 

2. 639. Ottigamie or Fox Indian of "Wisconsin : man, aetat. 50. 
F. A. 82 Q . I. C. 92. Dr. B. B. Brown. Crania Americana, 
plate 31 and page 184. 

3. 694. Ottigamie or Fox Indian of Illinois : man, aetat. 80. I. C. 
95. Dr. P. Gregg. 

4. 209. Ottigamie Indian. 

Pawnees. 

1. 540. Pawnee Indian of the Platte River: woman, aetat. 30. 
F. A. 75 p . I. C. 75. See Crania Americana, plate 38. 

2. 1043. Pawnee Indian : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 78°. I. C. 74. 
Dr. Brown. 

Penobscots. 

1. 105. Penobscot Indian. 

2. 89. Indian of the Gepepscot tribe, from Maine : man, aetat. 50. 
F. A. 76°. I. C. 80. Prof. Cleveland. 

Potato atomies. 

1. 657. Potawatomie Indian of Michigan : man, aetat. 50. F. A. 
80°. I. C. 101. Dr. Walker, U. S. A. Crania Americana, plate 
34 and page 186. 

2. 736. Potawatomie Indian. 

3. 737. Potawatomie of Michigan : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 93. Col. 
J. J. Abert. 

4. 1322. Young Potawatomie warrior, who killed the Miami chief 

5 



C6 



CATALOGUE OF 



Majinnik, on the Wabash River, A. D. 1841, for which he was 
himself slain by the Miamis : aetat. 20. I. C. 79. Dr. Edwin 
Fussell. 

Sau7cs. 

1. 561. Sauk Indian : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 98. H. Cole, Esq. 

2. 1039. Sauk Indian. F. A. 80°. I. C. 83.5. Dr. B. B. Brown, 
of St. Louis. 

3. 1246. Sac (?) Indian : man, setat. 60. I. C. 88. From a ceme- 
tery of the Sac and Fox tribes. Dr. Kite, 1845. 

JSeminoIes. 
1. 456. Seminole Indian of Florida. F. A. 81°. I. C. 93. H. B. 
Croom, Esq. Crania Americana, plate 54 and page 169. 





Lateral view. 



Seminole (604). 



Coronal view. 




Posterior view. 
2. 604. Seminole warrior of Florida, aetat. 50. F. A. 72o. I. C. 96. 
Dr. Gr. Emerson. Crania Americana, plate 22 and page 166. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 67 

3. 698. Seminole warrior of Florida : man, setat. 40. F. A. 73°. 
I. 0. 88. Col. J. J. Abert. 

4. 707. Seminole Indian : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 78°. I. C. 93. 
Dr. E. H. Abadie, U. S. A. Crania Americana, plate 23 and 
page 168. 

5. 708. Seminole warrior of Florida : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 73°. 
I. C. 91. Dr. E. H. Abadie. 

6. 726. Seminole woman of rank, aetat. 40. Florida. I. C. 79. 

7. 727. Seminole boy of six years. 

8. 728. Seminole boy of Florida, aetat. 4. 

9. 729. Seminole girl of the Fuke-luste-Hadjo tribe. I. C. 70. 

10. 730. Seminole warrior, aetat. 40, killed at the battle of Okee- 
Chobee, in Florida, December 25, 1837. I. C. 79. 

Nos. 726 to 730, inclusive, from Dr. E. H. Abadie, U. S. Army. 

11. 732. Seminole warrior, aetat. 40, killed at the battle of Okee- 
Chobee, in Florida, December 25, 1837. I. C. 90. Dr. Abadie, 
U. S. A. 

12. 733. Micco-Sukie tribe of the Seminole nation : woman, setat. 
30. I. C. 73. Fort Bassinger, Florida. Dr. Abadie, U. S. Army. 

13. 754. Seminole warrior of Florida, setat. 40. I. C. 89. From 
Dr. J. Walker, U. S. A. 

14. 1105. Seminole : man, setat. 40. F. A. 75°. I. C. 82. Dr. F. 
M. Robinson, Augusta, Georgia. 

15. 1286. Seminole Indian of Florida: woman, setat. 40. I. C. 72. 
James Couper, M. D. 1848. 

16. 1556. Seminole Indian. Presented by Dr. CD. Meigs, May, 1852. 

Shawnees. 

1. 440. Shawnee skull ? Man, setat. 50. I. C. 88. Dr. S. P. 
Hildreth, Marietta. 

2. 606. Shawnee ? woman, of Ohio, setat. 30. I. C. 70. Dr. 
Hildreth. 

3. 691. Shawnee? Indian of Ohio: a remarkably inequilateral 
skull. I. C. 87. Mr. Russell Smith. 

4. 1210. Shawnee? Indian of Ohio: man, aetat. . I. C. 104. 
Mr. M. S. Weaver. 

JSJioshonis. 

1. 1446. Indian of the Trucky ? tribe, of the Shoshone nation : man, 
aetat. 40. I. C. 85. Obtained on the Trucky River, in the Cali- 
fornia mountains, by Capt. Fremont, A. D. 1845. 

2. 1447. Shoshone or Root-digger nation, from the mountains of 
Salmon trout River. Woman, setat. 40. I. C. 75. Capt. Fremont. 



68 CATALOGUE OF 

3. 1448. From the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and does not 
pertain to any tribe of the Shoshones : man, setat. GO. I. C. 91. 
Capt. Fremont 

4. 1449. Shoshone woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 72. Capt. Fremont 
through Mr. Edward M. Kern. 

Upsarookas. 

1. 1228. Upsarooka or Crow Indian : man, aetat. 40. Upper Mis- 
souri. I. C. 93. 

2. 1229. Upsarooka of the Upper Missouri :nian, setat. 40. I. C. 95. 
Nos. 1228 and 1229 from J. J. Audubon, Esq., A.D. 1845. 

Winnebagos. 
1. 559. Winnebago warrior. F. A. 79°. I. C. 92. Dr. P. Gregg. 
560. Winnebago warrior. F. A. 79 Q . I. C. 86. Dr. P. Gregg. 
Yamassces. 

1. 1214. Yamassee ? Indian, of Florida : man, astat. 50. 

2. 1215. Yamassee? Indian, of Florida : man, setat. 60. 

3. 1216. Yamassee? Indian, of Florida: man, setat. 60. I. C. 70. 
The three preceding skulls were obtained from a mound near Tampa 

in Florida, by Dr. E. S. Holmes, U. S. A., A. D. 1844. Thej 
appear to have lain in the earth upwards of a century. Two of 
them are perforated by musket balls, and of course date subsequent 
to European discovery. 

Californians. 

1. 1514. California Indian, from a mound near Sacramento City. 
Man, aetat. 30. I. C. 87. F. A. 79° .Obtained by Mr. F. O. El- 
dredge, and presented by Dr. J. II. B. McClellan, A. D. 1850. 

2. 1565. Indian cranium : fragment of an upper jaw, with teeth and 
several other fragments of human bones, thickly encrusted with 
carbonate of lime. From a cave in Vallecita, Calaveras Co. Cali- 
fornia. In this cave upwards of 300 human crania were found 
embedded in limestone. Presented by Mr. Charles Ellet Jr., 
through Dr. C. D. Meigs, May, 1854. 

Miscellaneous. 
[Case 8.) 
I • 416. Indian *kull from a mound on the Upper Mississippi. F. A. 
79°. I. C. 84. Dr. S. P. Ilildreth. Crania Americana, plate 
52 and page 220. 
2. 1236. Indian cranium, exhumed near Fort Chartres, Illinois by 
Dr. Wislizenus. See American Journal of Science and Arts for 
May, 1840. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 69 

3. 1237. Another Indian cranium from the same place, and from the 
same gentleman : woman, aetat. 68. I. C. 81. 

4. 1315. Skull of an aboriginal American, found in a cave at Gol- 
conda, Illinois : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 81. Dr. R. Harlan. 

5. 1510. Indian skull : man, aetat. 50, I. C. 89. Taken from an 
anci-ent mound in Illinois by Dr. Lippincott, of Chandlerville, in 
that State, and presented to me through Dr. R. S. Holmes. 1849. 

6. 1511. Indian cranium, found with the preceding, and also pre- 
sented by Dr. Lippincott. Man, aetat. 70. I. C. 80. 

7. 420. Indian from the Cave at Steubenville, Ohio : man, aetat. 40. 
F. A. 80. I. C. 92. Dr. Robert M. S. Jackson. See No. 436, 
&c. 

8. 436. Skull from the Indian Cave-cemetery at Steubenville, Ohio : 
man, setat. 60. F. A. 77°. I. C 92. Dr. McDowell. 

9. 437. Indian from the Cave at Steubenville, Ohio: man, aetat. 60. 
F. A. 79°. I. C. 91. Dr. J. Andrews, of Steubenville. Crania 
Americana, plate 36 and page 235. 

10. 438, Indian from the Cave at Steubenville, Ohio: man, aetat. 50. 
F. A. 80°. I. C. 85. Dr. J. Andrews. 

11. 439. Indian from the Cave at Steubenville, Ohio : woman, aetat. 
70. F. A. 78°. I. C. 78. Dr. J. Andrews. 

12. 210. Indian from the Cave at Steubenville, Ohio. 

13. 658. Aboriginal American, from the Cave near Steubenville, 
Ohio. F. A. 79°. Dr. S. P. Hildreth. 

14. 723, Aboriginal American, from the Cave near Steubenville, 
Ohio : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 74. Dr. Hildreth. 

15. 53. Indian from a mound at Circleville, Ohio. F. A. 76°. 
I. C. 90. Dr. S. P. Hildreth. See Crania Americana, plate 51 
and page 219. 

16. 1287. Indian skull from a mound at Chilicothe, Ohio. I. C. 90. 
Dr. E. H. Davis and Mr. Squier. 1846. 

17. 1288. Indian cranium. Found with the preceding. Man of 60. 
I. C. 86. Dr. E. H. Davis and Mr. E. G. Squier. 1846. 

18. 736. Infant Indian skull from a mound in Wisconsin. Mr. J. J. 
Libhart, of Columbia, Pennsylvania. 

19. 992. From a mound in Tennessee, at the junction of French, Broad 
and Holston rivers. I. C. 90. Dr. Gr. Troost. Crania Americana, 
plate 55. 

20. 1270. Indian cranium, thrown out in making the fortifications at 
Detroit, A. D. 1844. Woman, setat. 40. From Lt. Meigs, U. S. 
Army. 







CATALOGUE OF 



21. 1271. Skull of an Indian obtained from a mound about three 
miles from the mouth of Huron river, Ohio, by Mr. Charles W. 
Atwater : man, cetat. GO. See American Journal of Science, for 
July, 184G. 

22. 1272. Skull of a woman, setat. 50. Found with the preceding. 

23. 1455. Skull flattened by art : man, setat. 50. I. C. 70. Taken 
from a mound in Florida. From Dr. Isaac Hulse, U. S. N., from 
whom I also received the following memorandum, A. D. 1849 : — 

" This skull was exhumed from a mound, the apex of which is about 
thirty feet above the ground in its vicinity. The locality is Bald- 
win county, Alabama, near Bear Point, on the west side of the Bay 
of Perdido, and about two or three miles north of the shore of the 
Gulf of Mexico. Near the apex of the mound there stood a live oak 
tree, supposed to be more than 100 years old. Near the foot of 
this live oak the party made their excavations, and a few feet be- 
low the surface they found the skull which I have had the happi- 
ness to place among your collection. The skull was covered with 
a hollow demi-sphere of pottery, composed of clay and shell, well 
burned. Upon the convex surface were sketched two whales, rather 
rudely, but sufficiently well to be recognizable/' 

24. 1512. Aboriginal American ; a very remarkable head, found by 
Dr. Davis and Mr. Squier in a mound in the Scioto Valley, Ohio, 
and described and figured by them in their " Ancient Monuments 
of the Mississippi Valley/' PL XLVII. and XLVIII. This is, per- 
haps, the most admirably-formed head of the American race hitherto 
discovered. It possesses the national characteristics in perfection, 
as seen in the elevated vertex, flattened occiput, great interparietal 
diameter, ponderous bony structure, salient nose, large jaws and 
broad face. It is the perfect type of Indian conformation, to which 





Aboriginal American (1512). 
the skulls of all the tribes from Cape Horn to Canada more or less 
approximate. Similar forms are common in the Peruvian tombs, 



HUMAN CRANIA. 71 

and have the occiput, as in this instance, so flattened and vertical 
as to give the idea of artificial compression ) yet this is only an ex- 
aggeration of the natural form, caused by the pressure of t\\z cradle- 
board in common use among the American nations. F. A. 81 9 . 
I. C 90. Dr. E. H. Davis and E. G. Squier, Esq., A. D. 1849. 
The circumstances," writes Mr. Squier, in the work above quoted, " under 
which this skull was found, are altogether so extraordinary as to merit a 
detailed account. It will be observed, from the map, that the mound above 
indicated is situated upon the summit of a high hill, overlooking the valley 
of the Scioto, about four miles below the city of Chilicothe. It is one of 
the most prominent and commanding positions in that section of country. 
Upon the summit of this hill rises a conical knoll, of so great regularity as 
almost to induce the belief that it is itself artificial. Upon the very apex 
of this knoll, and covered by the trees of the primitive forests, is the mound. 
It is about eight feet high, by forty or fifty feet base. The superstructure is 
a tough, yellow clay, which, at the depth of three feet, is mixed with large 
rough stones ; as shown in the accompanying section. 




" These stones rest upon a dry, calcareous deposit of buried earth and small 
stones, of a dark black color, and much compacted. This deposit is about 
two feet in thickness in the centre, and rests upon the original soil. In ex- 
cavating the mound, a large plate of mica was discovered, placed upon the 
stones. * * * * * Immediately underneath this plate 
of mica, and in the centre of the buried deposit was found the skull figured 
[on the opposite page.] It was discovered resting upon its face. The 
lower jaw, as indeed the entire skeleton, excepting the clavicle, a few 
cervical vertebrae, and some of the bones of the feet, all of which were 
huddled around the skull, were wanting. 

"From the entire singularity of this burial, it might be inferred that the de- 
posit was a comparatively recent one ; but the fact that the various layers 
of carbonaceous earth, stones, and clay were entirely undisturbed, and in 
no degree intermixed, settles the question beyond doubt that the skull was 
placed where it was found at the time of the construction of the mound. 
* * * * •* *• 

" This skull is wonderfully preserved ; unaccountably so, unless the circum- 
stances under which it was found may be regarded as most favorable to 
such a result. The imperviousness of the mound to water, from the 
nature of the material composing it, and its position on the summit of 
an eminence, subsiding in every direction from its base, are circumstances 



72 CATALOGUE OF 

which, joined to the antiseptic qualities of the carhonaceous deposit 
enveloping the <kull. may satisfactorily account for its excellent preser- 
vation." (See pp. 288-9.) 

25. 417. Chief of the Cayuga tribe of Indians, State of New York, 
aetat. 70. F. A. 78°. I. C. 94. Dr. Z. Pitcher. See Crania 
Americana, plate 35 and page 192. 

26. 1041. Chayenne Indian of Missouri. F. A. 73°. I. C. 73. Dr. 
B. B. Brown. 

27. 211. Missouri Indian. 

28. 987. Ciiemesyan Indian, from the N. W. coast of America : 
woman, aetat. 30. P. A. 78°. I. C. 93. Prof. Scouler, of 
Dublin. 

29. 22, Young CnocTAw female of Georgia. Dr. J. Ilutchins. 

30. 39. Indian of the Euchee tribe of Florida : man, aetat. 40. 
F. A. 75°. I. C. 84 ? Dr. Z. Pitcher. Crania Americana, plate 
27 and page 174. 

31. 212. Cast of a Keniiawha skull. 

32. 27. Massasauga Indian, of Peterboro', Upper Canada : man, 
aetat. 30. F. A. 7G°. I. C. 80. Bev. S. Wood. 1837. 

33. 455. Indian of the Mingo tribe, Ohio. F. A. 77°. Dr. S. P. 
Hildreth. 

34. 213. Naas Indian from Fort Simpson, Washington Territory. 

35. 214. Naas Indian from Fort Simpson, Washington Territory. 

These two heads were presented by Dr. J. II. B. McClellan, May 
5th, 1856. 

36. 1219. Nanticoke ? Indian, from the valley of Wyoming : woman, 
aetat. 80. I. C. 84. Mr. W. S. Vaux. 1844. 

>7. 567. Naumkeag Indian of Massachusetts : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 
80°. I. C. 75. Dr. A. L. Pearson. Crania Americana, plate 33 
and page 187. 

38. 33. Oneida warrior, Iroquois confederacy. I. C. 95. Dr. B. 
Tappan. Crania Americana, plate 30 and page 193. 

39. 1036, Pocasset Indian. 

40. 26. Quinnipiack (Mohegan) Indian. I. C. 80. East Haven, 
Connecticut. Mr. E. C. Ilerrick. 

41. 1516. Seneca Indian : man, aetat. 60. Exhumed from an old 
burying ground near Seneca Lake, New York. I. C. . Dr. Jas. 
Bryan, 1850. 

42. 1557. Indian cranium from the banks of the Susquehanna river. 
From Dr. Alexander Janney, May, 1852. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 73 

43. 215. Aboriginal cranium from South Carolina. F. A. 75°. 
• From Dr. R. W. Gibbs, of Columbia, S. C., November, 1853. 

44. 216. Indian cranium from Gambel's Western collection. Pre- 
sented by Dr. Wilson. 

45. 217. Fragment of cranium from the Grave Creek mound. 

46. 218. Fragments of cranium from a mound, with a portion of the 
os fern oris. 

47- 219. Fragment of cranium from Tippecanoe battle-ground. Pre- 
sented by Mr. L. H. Sands. 

48. 220. Cast of the skull of an Indian named Walk-in-the-water. 
Presented by Mr. Harlan. 

b. CENTRAL AMERICANS. 

(Case 8.) 

1. 990, Maya Indian of Yucatan : man, setat. 50. I. C. 91. Cheva- 
lier Friedrichthal, of Vienna. 

2. 1050. Fragments of the skull and other parts of the skeleton of a 
young aboriginal female, taken from an ancient tomb at Ticul, a 
ruined city near San Francisco, in Yucatan, A. D. 1842. From J. 
L. Stevens, Esq. Vide Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, vol. i. 

3. 1067. Fragments of cranial and other bones of three human skele- 
tons, obtained by Mr. B. M. Norman from mounds in Yucatan. 
Vide Rambles in Yucatan, page 217. 

C. SOUTH AMERICANS. 
Araucanians. 

1. 651. Aratjcanian Indian (Arauco) of Chili : woman, aetat. 50. 
F. A. 73°. I. C. 73. 

2. 652. Aratjcanian Indian : woman, aetat. 50. F.A.74°. I.C. 75. 

3. 654. Indian of the Aratjco nation of Chili : woman, aetat. 30. 
F. A. 72°. I. C. 78. Crania Americana, plate 78 and page 241. 

4. 655. Indian of the Arauco nation: man, setat. 30. F. A. 76°. 
I. C. 86. Crania Americana, plates 76, 77, and page 241. 

5. 656. Araucanian woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 76. 

I received this and the four preceding skulls through the kindness of 
Dr. J. N. Casanova, of Valparaiso, who informed me that the three 
heads, Nos. 654, 655, 656, were taken from chiefs killed in an en- 
counter with the Chilian army under General Bulnes, on the river 
Bio-Bio, in 1835, I took occasion, however, to intimate to Dr. 



74 CATALOGUE OF 

Casanova my suspicion that these were not recent crania, inasmuch 
as they had yet adhering to them some shreds of a peculiar mummy- 
cloth common in the old cemeteries of Peru and Chili, at the same 
time that they bore unequivocal evidences of long inhumation. 
Dr. Casanova, however, could not suppose that he had been de- 
ceived by his agent, and I therefore published the circumstances as 
related by him, and on his authority, in my Crania Americana, 
page 243. I may add that, judging from the size and conforma- 
tion of the skull No. G54, I inferred that it had belonged not to a 
chief, as was supposed by Dr. C, but to a woman. 
Subsequent examinations have satisfied me that my suspicions were 
well founded; and I am further confirmed in this belief by com- 
paring these crania with the plates of a series obtained by the 
Naturalists of the Astrolabe from an ancient cemetery on the Bio- 
Bio river, near its confluence with the Moticha in Chili. It is 
sufficient to add that both collections of skulls were evidently ob- 
tained from the same place ; and, although Dr. Casanova was mis- 
led as to particulars, the crania I received from him pertain to a 
veritable but ancient Araucanian tribe, and possess a great interest, 
both in regard to their sepulchral locality and their admirably de- 
veloped characteristics. See Voyage deV Astrolabe: Anthropologic 
par le Dr. Dumouticr, planche 27. 

6. 995. Araucanian woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 77. 

7. 997. Araucanian : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 77. 

The two preceding Araucanian skulls from the interior of Arauco, 
were received from Dr. Thomas Page, of Valparaiso, in Chili. 
S. 221. ^ Two Araucanian skulls in a fragmentary condition. Ob- 
9. 222. ) tained from a well on the premises of Mr. Keen, at Talca- 
huano. One of the heads was enclosed in an earthen, unglazed jar. 
Near it was found a peculiar lozenge-shaped stone. Presented by 
Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger, U. S. N., June 10th, 1856. 

10. 223, Araucanian skull. 

11. 224. Araucanian skull. 

12. 120. Cast of an Araucanian skull. 

From Mounds. 
1. 1242. " Indian cranium from an ancient town called Chiuchiu, or 
Ataoama Baja, situated on the river Loa, at the eastern edge of the 
Desert of Atacama, eight leagues from Calamo, and 57 from the 
Pacific Ocean. Here are extensive remains of Indian houses, and 
a fortress built of mud, and loop-holed. The huaco or burial place 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



is along a terrace of soft sandstone, and the bodies are buried in 
the sitting posture." 
From Dr. John Houston, of Valparaiso, who obtained this and the 
following skull and presented them with the above memorandum : 




Indian Cranium (1242). 

2. 1243. Indian cranium, found with the preceding. 

Both these heads are elongated upwards in the sugar-loaf form, by 
pressure applied both back and front. See Crania Americana, 
page 116; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, for 
December, 1845, and American Journal of Science and Arts, for 
July, 1816. 

For original sources of information on these singular artificial modi- 
fications of the form of the cranium, see Cieza, Chronica del Peru, 
cap. XXYI, and Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, T. II. p. 581. 
Fol. Madrid, 1723. 

Charibs. 

1. 638. Skull of a Charib of Venezuela, flattened by art : found in 
a terra cotta vase, with the os sacrum and some small bones. Man, 
aetat. 40? F. A. 70°. From Ex-President Vargas, of Caraccas. 
Crania Americana, plate 64 and page 237. 

2. _ 692. Skull of a Charib of the Antilles, obtained in the island of 
Nassau by the late Rev. Thomas Leaver, for several years a mission- 
ary there. He presented the cranium to Dr. Thomas C. Dunn, of 



CATALOGUE OF 

Newport, Rhode Island, by whom it was added to the preseDt col- 
lection, A. D. 1849. Man, aetat. 30. I. C. 89. 
I 225. Cast of a Charib skull. 

Patagonians. 
1. 1357. Cast of the skull of a Patagonian. Prof. Retzius. 
1. 1359. Cast of the head of a Puelche girl of Patagonia. Prof. 

Retzius. 
B 226, Cast of a Patagonian skull. Presented by Mr. Harlan. 

Brazilians. 

1. 1254. Skull of a Tapuyo Indian of Brazil. 

2. 1513. Head of a Brazilian Indian, artificially preserved with 
false eyes, &c. : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 75. From the interior of 
Brazil. Mr. Henry Bond Dewey, of Para, A. D. 1850. 

Vide Blumenbach, Decades Craniorum, tab. xlvii. 

3. 1528. Desiccated head of a Brazilian Indian, from the head 
waters of the Tapajos river, a tributary of the Amazon : woman, 
aetat. 30. I. C. 69. Amory Edwards, Esq., of New York, 1851. 

4. 1529. Brazilian Indian, prepared like the last and obtained with 
it : man aetat. 70. I. C. 76. Amory Edwards, Esq., 1851. 

No. 1513 has probably been obtained from this aboriginal cemetery, 
and no doubt pertains to the same tribe. 

5. 1530. Guaycuru Indian of Brazil : girl, aetat. 13. Died at 
Bcunos Ayres in the professional care of Dr. Kennedy, who 
presented me the skull, A. D. 1851. 

6. 1555. ) Gentoo Indians: two prepared heads from the Purus 

7. 1556. j river, a tributary of the Amazon. Presented by Mr. Amory 
Edwards, March, 1852. I. C. 



II. TOLTECAN RACE. 

a.. PERUVIAN FAMILY. 

From Arica. 

( Case 9.) 

1. 67. Ancient Peruvian from Arica : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 73c. 
I. C. 86. Dr. Ruschenberger. See Crania Americana, plate 4 
and page 108. 

2. 496. PERUVIAN child of five years, from Arica: artificially elon- 

1. Crania Americana, plate 2. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 



77 



o, 1045. Ancient Peruvian head, artificially elongated: woman, 
setat. 30. F. A. 68°. 1.0.77. From Arica. Dr. P. B. Goddard. 
See Crania Americana, plate 3. 
The following highly interesting series of crania, ten in number, 
(1275 to 1284, inclusive,) was sent me by my friend William A. 
Foster, Esq., now of Lima, who obtained them from the cele- 
brated Peruvian cemetery at Arica. " This cemetery," he observes, 
" lies on the face of a sand-hill, sloping towards the sea. The ex- 
tent of surface occupied by these tombs, as far as we explored, I 
should say was five or six acres. In many of the tombs three or 
four bodies were found clustered together, always in the sitting 
posture, and wrapped in three or four thicknesses of cloth, and a 
mat thrown over all. Each one has about the person a pouch or 
bag, an ear or two of maize, fruit of some kind, and not unfre. 
quently a drinking vessel." Lima, December 17, 1845. 
See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, for April, 
1846 ; and American Journal of Science, for July, 1846. 

4. 1275. Cranium of a child, partially compressed and elongated. 

5. 1276. Cranium of a child about four years old : natural form. 

6. 1277. Skull of a man, aetat. 65, remarkably altered by art into the 
elongated, symmetrical form. I. C. 69. 

The annexed wood-cut shows the course of the bandages used in ob- 
taining this singular modification of the cranium. The forehead 
was pressed downwards and backwards by a compress probably of 
folded cloth. To keep it in its place, a bandage was carried over 
it from the base of the occiput and thence across the forehead. To 
confine the lateral portions of the skull, and in order to produce 




Peruvian skull (1277). 

the symmetrically elongated form, the same bandage was continued 
over the top of the head, immediately behind the coronal suture, 
probably with an intervening compress; and the bandaging was 



CATALOGUE OP 

repeated upon these parts until they were immovably confined in 
the desired position ; thus permitting the head to expand only in 
the posterior direction. See my Illustrated System of Human 
Anatomy, p. 90. 

7. 1278. Skull of a man, setat. 50, of similar form to the preceding, 
but in less degree. I. C. 85. 

8. 1279. Man, of the same configuration as 1277 : aetat. 40. I. C 87. 

9. 1280. Peruvian, conformation same as the last : woman, aetat. 
50. I. C. 70. 

10. 1281. Peruvian skull moulded in the same manner as the last : 
woman, aetat. 20. 

11. 1282. Peruvian head, same form as the preceding: aetat. 50. 
I. C. 87. 

12. 1283. Peruvian head, same form as the preceding : man, aetat. 
65. I. C. 75. 

13. 1284. Peruvian, same form as the preceding, but wants the face. 
The following six crania were obtained at the ancient Peruvian ceme- 
tery at Arica, by my friend and former pupil Dr. S. J. Oakford, 
A. D. 1847. 

14. 1363, Peruvian skull from the cemetery at Arica : man, aetat. 
70. Artificially elongated and symmetrical. I. C. 71. 

15. 1364. Female Peruvian cranium from Arica; elongated by art. 
JEtat. GO. I. C. 74. 

16. 1365. Elongated skull of a Peruvian : man, aetat. 50. I. C 76. 
From Arica. 

17. 1366. Peruvian, artificially elongated : man, setat. 70. I. C. 101. 
From Arica. 

18. 1367. Elongated Peruvian skull from Arica : man, aetat. 40. 
I. C. 76. 

19. 1368. Peruvian female bead, artificially elongated : aetat. 60. 
I. C. 78. From Arica. 

20 227. Peruvian from Arica (?) 

From Pachacamac. 
(Cases 9-10.) 
1 13. Ancient Peruvian, Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 83. 
W. A. Foster, Esq. 

2. 30. Ancient Peruvian, Pachacamac: woman, cetat. 25. I. C. 
78. W. A. Foster, Esq. 

3, 75. Peruvian from Pachacamac, or the Temple of the Sun, 
near Lima : woman, aetat. 60. F. A. 72°. I. C. 87. Dr. Kuschen- 



HUMAN CRANIA. 79 

berger. No one was permitted to be buried in this sanctuary but 
the families of priests, nobles and other persons of distinction. See 
Herrera, Hist. Lib. vi. Dec. 5, and Crania Americana, page 132. 

4. 76. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 73°. I. C. 62. Dr. 
Ruschenberger. 

5. 77. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. F. A. 75°. 
I. C. 76. 

6. 84. Peruvian from Pachacamac. I. C. 75. W. A. Foster, Esq. 

7. 85. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 80 p . 
I. C. 76. See Crania Americana, plate 11 B, and page 129. 

8. 86. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 81°. 
I. C 88. See Crania Americana, plate 11 and page 127. 

9. 87. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 75°. I. C. 73. See 
Crania Americana, plates 8 and 9, and page 125, 

10. 90. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 75°, 
I. C. 71. 

11. 92. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 75. 

12. 93. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 79°. 
I. C. 79. 

Nos. 85, 86, 87, 90, 92 and 93 from Dr. Ruschenberger. 

13. 95. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. F. A. 80°. 
I. C. 91. Dr. Ruschenberger. See Crania Americana, plate 11 
A, and page 127. 

14. 96. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 73°. 
I. C. 80. 

15. 97. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, setat. 50. F. A. 75c. 
I. C. 77. See Crania Americana, plate 11 D, and page 131. 




Peruvian (97). 

16. _ 99. Peruvian child of three years. Pachacamac. 

17. 100. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 70^, 
I. C. 67. 



80 



CATALOGUE OF 



18. 108. Peruvian from Pachacamac. 

19. 400. Peruvian from Pachacamac : wonian/oetat. 50. F. A. 76 c . 
I. C. 75. 

20. 402. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 50. F. A. 7T C 
I. C. 78. 

21. 403. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 74 c . 
I. C. 77. 

22. 404. Peruvian from Pachacamac : child of five years. 

2:5. 405. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 75°. I. C. 70. 

24. 406. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, setat. 30. F. A.76 c . 
I. C. 70. 

Nos. 402 to 406, inclusive, from Dr. Ruschenberger. 

25. 409. Peruvian from Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 70. I. C. 8C. 
W. A. Foster, Esq. 

2G. 446. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 80°. I. C. 75. Cra- 
nia Americana, plate 11 C, and page 130. 





Lateral view. 



Peruvian (446). 



Coronal view. 




Posterior view. 
27. 450. Peruvian from Pachacamac: woman, octat. 50. F. A. 75°. 
I. 0. 77. 
Nob. 44G and 450 from Dr. Ruschenberger. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 81 

28. 453. Peruvian child. Pachacamac. 

29. 541, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aefcat. 55. I. C. 80. 

30. 562, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. 0. 79. 

31. 568. Peruvian of Pachacamac. 

32. 570. Peruvian of Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 69. 

33. 571. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 35. I. C. 75. 

34. 631. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 35. I. C. 68. 

35. 642. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. Q. 73. 

36. 685. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 35. I. C. 78. 

37. 686. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 70. 

38. 687, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 71. 

39. 688. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 58. 

40. 696. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 68. 
The preceding 13 skulls, Nos. 453 to 696, inclusive, are from W. A. 

Foster, Esq. 

41. 697. Ancient Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. F. A. 
73°. I. C. 74. Dr. Ruschenberger. 

42. 699i Ancient Peruvian from Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 40. 
F. A. 74. I. C. 76. Dr. Ruschenberger. 

43. 750, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 69. 
W. A. Foster, Esq. 

44. 752. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 67. 

45. 947. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 4. Mr. Foster. 

46. 1042. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 6. 

47. 1059. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 2. "W. A. 
Foster, Esq. 

48. 1104. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 8. "W. A. 
Foster, Esq. 

49. 1225, Peruvian of Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 85. 

50. 1232. Peruvian of Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 80. I. C. 68. 

51. 1241. Peruvian of Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 67. 

52. 1453. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 9 years. 

For the following series of Peruvian skulls, 1456 to 1509, I am in- 
debted to my friend Wm. A. Foster, Esq. 

53. 1456. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 79. The 
atlas is anchylosed to the occiput. 

54. 1457. Peruvian. Pachacamac. Remarkable for the number 
of ossa triquetra. Girl of 16. I. C. 69. 

55. 1458, Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 67. 

56. 1459. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 68. 

57. 1460, Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. 

6 



I. 


0. 


64. 


1. 


c. 


75. 


I. 


c. 


64. 


I. 


c. 


66. 



82 CATALOGUE OF 

58. 1461. Peruvian. Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 80. 

59. 1462. Peruvian. Pacliacamac : woman, aetat. 45. 

60. 1463; Peruvian child of four years. Pachacamac. 

61. 1464. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 60. 

62. 1465. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 35. 

63. 1466. Peruvian child of five years. Pachacamac. 

64. 1467, Peruvian child of four years. Remarkable for the fulness 
of the occipital region. Pachacamac. 

65. 1468. Peruvian child of eight years. Pachacamac. 

66. 1469. Peruvian child of eight years. Pachacamac. 

67. 1470. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 82. 

68. 1471- Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman. I. C. 72. 

69. 1472. Peruvian : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 77. 

70. 1473. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 55. I. C. 83. 

71. 1474. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 86. 

72. 1475. Peruvian : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 81. Pachacamac. 

73. 1476. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 70. 

74. 1477. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 74. 

75. 1478. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 83. 

76. 1479. Peruvian. Pachacamac. 

77. 1480, Peruvian : woman, aetat. 16. I. C. 78. Pachacamac. 

78. 1481. Peruvian: man, aetat. 80. I. C. 81. Pachacamac. 

79. 1482. Peruvian : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 82. Pachacamac. 

80. 1483. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. 

81. 1489. Peruvian : woman, aetat. 16. I. C. 77. Pachacamac. 

82. 1490. Peruvian : man, aetat. 80. I. C. 78. Pachacamac. 

83. 1491. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 70. I. C. 77. 

84. 1492. Peruvian child of six years. Pachacamac. 

85. 1493. Peruvian child of twelve years. Pachacamac. 

86. 1494. Peruvian : woman, aetat. 16. I. C. 69. Pachacamac. 

87. 1495. Peruvian : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 73. Pachacamac. 

88. 1496. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. 

89. 1497. Peruvian child of four years. Pachacamac. 

90. 1498. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. 

91. 1499. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 45. I. C. 75. 

92. 1500. Peruvian. Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 69. 

93. 1501. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 74. 

94. 1502. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 83. 

95. 1503. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 45. I. C. 70. 

96. 1504. Peruvian. Pachacamac: man, aetat. 70. I. C. 77. 

97. 1505. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 70. 



1. 


38. 


2 


72. 


3 


445. 


4. 


497. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 83 

98. 1506. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 66. 

99. 1507. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 20. I. C. 75. 

100. 1508. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, setat. 50. I. C. 72. 

101. 1509. Peruvian. Pachacamac: man, aetat. 70. I. C. 76. 

102. 228. Peruvian. Pachacamac. 

103. 229. Peruvian. Pachacamac. 

104. 230. Peruvian. Pachacamac. 

The three preceding skulls were found on the side of a hill two miles 
south of the Temple of the Sun, July, 1845. 

From Pisco. 

(Cases 10-11.) 
Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco. 
Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 83. 
Ancient Peruvian from Pisco. 

Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : woman, 
aetat. 16. I. C. 62. 

5. 498. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, setat. 50. I. C. 63. 

6. 630. Peruvian child from the ancient cemetery at Pisco. 

7. 996. Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : woman, 
aetat. 60. I. C. 84. 

8. 1048. Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco. 

9. 1061. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 66. 

10. 1221. Ancient Peruvian : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 82. From the 
Huacas of Pisco. 

11. 1269. Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : woman, 
aetat. 60. I. C. 72. 

12. 1326, Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : man, aetat. 
50. I. C. 75. 

Nos. 38 to 1326, inclusive, from W. A. Foster, Esq. 

13. 1369. Peruvian from the Huacas of Pisco : woman, aetat. 80. 
I. C 71. 

14. 1370. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 80. 

15. 1371. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 60. I. C. 77. 

16. 1372: Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. 

17. 1373. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : man, setat. 60. I. C. 77. 

18. 1374. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco; forehead compressed : man, 
aetat. 50. I. C. 74. 

19. 1375. Peruvian child of six years old. Pisco. 

20. 1376. Peruvian child eight years of age. Head elongated in the 
upward direction. Pisco. 



8 l CATALOGUE OF 

21. 1406. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 35. I. C. 72. 

22. 1407. Peruvian from Pisco : man, setafc. 60. I. C. 77. 

23. 1408. Peruvian from Pisco: man, oetat. 45. I. C. 81. 

24. 1409. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 70. 

25. 1410. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 73. 
20. 1411, Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 50. I. C. 89. 

27. 1412. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 88. 

28. 1413. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 60. 

29. 1414. Peruvian from Pisco. 

30. 1415. Peruvian from Pisco : child of twelve years. 

31. 1416. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 50. I. C. 73. 

32. 1417. Peruvian from Pisco: man, setat. 70. I. C. 79. 

33. 1418. Peruvian from Pisco: woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 64. 

34. 1419. Peruvian from Pisco: woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 62. 

35. 1420. Peruvian from Pisco ; conical form : man, aetat. 55. 
I. C. 76. 

36. 1421. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 81. 

37. 1422. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, setat. 80. I. C. 77. Atlas 
anchylosed to the cranium. See also Nos. 1263 and 1456. 

38. 1423. Peruvian from Pisco : child of two years: 

39. 1424. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 60. Skull 
compressed, with frontal suture. 

40. 1425, Peruvian from Pisco : aetat. 40. I. C. 72. Much com- 
pressed. 

41. 1426. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat 60. I. C. 85. Conical 
form. 

42. 1427. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 77. Conical 
form. 

43. 1428. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 40. 

44. 1429. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 70. I. C. 71. 

45. 1430. Peruvian from Pisco: a child of 8 years. Head com- 
pressed. 

46. 1431. Peruvian from Pisco : boy, aetat. 17. I. C. 66. Conical 
form. 

47. 1432. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, rctat. 35. I. C. 74. Conical 
form. 

48. 1433. Peruvian from Pisco : child of seven years. 

49. 1434. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. Much 
compressed. 

50. 1435. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 66. Conical 
form. 



52. 


1437. 


53. 


1438. 


54. 


1439. 


55. 


1440. 


56. 


1441. 


57. 


1442. 


58. 


1443. 


59. 


1444. 


60. 


1445. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 85 

51. 1436. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 50. I. 0. 76. Strongly 
resembles a Malay skull. 

Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aefcat. 70. I. C. 74. 

Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 55. I. C. 72. 

Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 69. 

Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 84. 

Peruvian from Pisco : child of 8 years. Conical form. 

Peruvian from Pisco : woman aetat. 35. I. C. 72. 

Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. I. C, 73. ( 

Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. QQ. 

Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 80. 
For the preceding series of Peruvian crania from Pisco, I am indebt- 
ed to my friend Wm. A. Foster, Esq., formerly of this city, and 
now a resident of Lima, who accompanied them with the following 
memorandum : — 
" These skulls were all collected from the surface of three or four 
huacas (tumuli) within a short distance, perhaps a couple of miles, 
of each other, having been disturbed and left lying there by pre- 
vious diggers ,* that is, by the common people of the country, who 
are full of notiqns about buried treasure. All the huacas I saw 
were evidently those of the poorer classes. 
" The whole country around Pisco is covered with Indian remains. 
It is a rich valley, with a small stream running through it, and has 
every appearance of having been thickly populated and well and 
extensively cultivated." 

61. 1484. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. 

62. 1485. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. 

From Santa. 
(Case 11.) 

1. 71. Peruvian child from Santa. Dr. Waters Smith, U. S. 
Navy. 

2. 73, Peruvian from a mound near Santa : woman, aetat. 40. 
P. A. 71°. I. C. 75. Dr. Waters Smith, U. S. Navy. See Cra- 
nia Americana, plate 56 and page 225. 

3. 79. Peruvian from Santa : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 74°. I. C. 76. 

4. 81. Peruvian from Santa: woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 76°. 
I. C 77. 

5. 82, Peruvian from Santa : woman, aetat. 60. F. A. 79°. 
I. C. 76. 

Nos. 79, 81 and 82 from Dr. Ruschenberger. 



bb CATALOGUE OF 

6. 449. Peruvian from Santa : man, setat. 60. F. A. 77°. I. C. 88. 

7. 569, Peruvian child of 8 years, from Santa. Dr. Ruschen- 
berger. 

S. 109. Peruvian from Santa. 

From Lima. 

1. 68. Peruvian from a tumulus near Lima: man, setat. 40. 
F. A. 74°. I. C. 90. Dr. H. S. Rennolds, U. S. Navy. 

2. 91. Peruvian from Chorillos, near Lima : woman, aetat. 60. 
F. A. 75°. I. C. 66. Dr. Ruschenberger. 

3. 412. Peruvian from a tumulus at Rimac, near Lima : woman, 
setat. 60. F. A. 74°. I. C. 79. Dr. H. S. Rennolds, U. S. N. 
See Crania Americana, plate 57 and page 226. 

4. 414. Peruvian, the os frontis flattened by art. From a tumulus 
at Rimac, near Lima. F. A. 72 Q . I. C. 81. Dr. H. S. Ren- 
nolds, U. S. N. See Crania Americana, plate 57 and page 226. 

5. 452. Peruvian from near Lima: man, setat. 30. F. A. Q^. 
I. C. 83. From Dr. Ruschenberger. 

6. 576. Peruvian from a mound near Lima. I. C. 72. Dr. H. S. 
Rennolds, U. S. N. 

7. 231. Peruvian from an Indian tumulus in the valley of Lima, 
near Magdalena, June, 1845. 

Miscellaneous. 
{Case 11.) 

1. 11. Ancient Chimuyan from the ruined city near Truxillo, in 
Peru : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 71. Dr. M. Burrough. See Crania 
Americana, plate 6 and page 112. 

2. 451. Peruvian : woman, setat. 30. F. A. 78°. I. C. 87. 

3. 637. Quiciiua Indian of Upper Peru : man, setat. 40. F. A. 70c. 
I. C. 82. Ex-President Vargas. 

4. 1348. Peruvian skull, artificially elongated upwards and back- 
wards : man, setat. 50. I. C 66. Dr. Dickeson. 

5. 1517, Peruvian child of 8 years. Payta. Dr. S. J. Oakford. 
1850. 

6. 1518. Peruvian: man, actat. 50. I. C. — . From a mound in 
the province of Payta. Dr. S. J. Oakford. 1850. 

7. 113. Peruvian of the Inca race. 

8. 232. Peruvian. Atacames. 

!). 1046. PERUVIAN from an ancient cemetery at Guamay. I. C. 74. 
Dr. Paul Swift 1843. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 87 

1. 447. Peruvian from near Callao: woman, setat. 40. F. A. 74°. 
I. C. 76. 

2. 448. Peruvian from near Callao : woman, aetat.40. F. A. 74°. 
I. C. 73. 

Nos. 447 and 448 from Dr. Ruschenberger. 

3. 233. Peruvian from vaults at Callao Fort, May, 1845. 

1. 710. Cast of an elongated Peruvian skull. Dr. 0. S. Fowler. 

2. 711. Cast of another ancient Peruvian skull. Dr. O. S. 
Fowler. 

8. 700. Cast of the head of an ancient Peruvian, from a tomb on 
the Island of Titicaca, in Bolivia. Crania Americana, page 97, &c. 

4. 701. Cast of an ancient Peruvian skull, from a tomb on the 
Island of Titicaca. 

5. 702. Cast of a skull found with the preceding. 

6. 703. Cast of a skull taken by Mr. Pentland from an ancient tomb 
at Coracolla, latitude 17° 38' south. 

7. 704. Cast of a skull of the ancient Peruvian race* taken from 
the tombs between Pomete and Chimgauge, by Mr. Pentland. 

8. 705. Cast of a skull taken by Mr. Pentland from a large tomb in 
the Island of Titicaca. See Crania Americana, page 97, and Jour- 
nal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. viii. See also my 
Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America, p. 
7, 41, and M. D'Orbigny, L'Homme Americain, planche 2. 

b. MEXICAN FAMILY. 

(Case 12.) 
1. 34. Mexican Indian of the Tlahiiica tribe : woman, setat. 40. 
F. A. 76°. I. C. 84. W. Maclure, Esq., 1836. The following 
is a copy of Mr. Maclure's note to me : — 
" The skull of an Indian from Acapancingo, eighteen leagues south 
of Mexico, and a league and a half from Cuernavaca, State of 
Mexico." See Clavigero' s Hist, of Mexico <, Cullen's Trans., vol. i. 
p. 7 ; and Crania Americana, plate 18 A, and page 156. 

1. 734. Skull of an ancient Mexican, of the Aztec? nation; ex- 
humed near the Indian village of Guahapan, on the mountain Popo- 
catapetl. Man, setat. 40. I. C. 85. Dr. J. Macartney, of Mexico. 

2. 735. Aztec? found with the preceding. Woman, setat. 40. 
I. C. 76. Dr. Macartney. 



88 CATALOGUE OP 

1. 714. Mexican Indian from an ancient cemetery at Otumba : 
man, aetat. 40. I. C. 90. Crania Americana, plate 61 and page 233. 

2. 715. MEXICAN Indian from Otumba : woman, aetat. 20. I. C. 77. 
Crania Americana, plate 59 and page 231. 

3. 716. Mexican Indian from Otumba: woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 
77°. I. C. 81. Crania Americana, plate 60 and page 232. 

1. 717. Ancient Mexican from Tacuba: man, aetat. 50. I. C. 80. 

2. 718, Ancient Mexican from Tacuba : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 81. 

3. 719. Mexican Indian from near the city of Mexico. I. C. 92. 

4. 720. Ancient Mexican from Tacuba : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 
84? 

The preceding seven skulls, 714 to 720, inclusive, were transmitted 
to me by the late "William Maclure, Esq., with the following note : 

" Skulls obtained by Mr. Joseph Smith from the ancient tombs of 
Tacuba and Otumba, for Dr. Morton, May, 1, 1839." 

1. 1323. The skull of Vicente Kivaz, an Otomie Cazique of the pure 
Mexican race, born and died in the village of San Piedro Flax- 
coapan, in the department of Tula, 20 leagues from the city of 
Mexico. He lived to be 80 years of age, and was remarkable for 
his literary attainments and amiable disposition. Sent mebySenor 
Don Jose Gomez de la Catina, of the city of Mexico, A. D. 1848, 
through Dr. Henderson, U. S. A. I. C 72. 

2. 1000. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : man, aetat, 50. From 
a mound near Ajacuba. F. A. 80°. I. C. 92. 

3. 1001. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : woman, aetat. 30. From 
the same place. F. A. 75°. I. C 67. 

4. 1002. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : woman, aetat. 40. From 
a mound near the village of Doxey. F. A. 73°. I. C. 76. 

5. 1003. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : man, aetat. 18. From 
a mound near the Sierra de Zumpanga. F. A. 70°. I. C. 76. 

1. 1004. Ancient Mexican. Tlascalau nation : man, aetat. 40. From 
a mound in the suburbs of Tlascala. F. A. 75°. I. C. 84. 

1. 1005. Ancient Mexican. Chechcmccan nation : woman, aetat. 30. 
From a mound at Tezcuco. F. A. 75°. I. C. 83. 
The six preceding crania were obtained and presented by Don J. 
Gomez de la Cortina, of the city of Mexico, through Mr. W. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 89 

Augustus Twigg. See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences for July, 1841. 

1. 1226. Ancient Mexican skull, from the cemetery of Santiago de 
Tlatilolco, near the city of Mexico, in which many thousands of the 
natives were interred after the brave defence of their city against 
Cortes. I. C. 79.5. From his Excellency the Baron von Gerolt, 
A. D. 1845. See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
for July, 1845. 

1. 681. Mexican Indian of the Pames tribe, from San Lorenzo, 
near the capital : woman, setat. 50. F. A. 77°. I. C. 78. Crania 
Americana, plate 17 A, and page 154. 

2. 1313. Pames Mexican : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 81. From the 
village of San Lorenzo, near the city of Mexico. W. S. Parrott, 
Esq. 

1. 1314. Ancient Mexican chief, exhumed, together with various 
aboriginal arms and utensils, from the Cerro de Quesilas, near the 
city of Mexico, and brought from thence by the Hon. J. R. Poin- 
sett, U. S. Minister to Mexico. F. A. 72°- I. C. 86. See Cra- 
nia Americana, plate 14 and page 152. 

2. 682. Mexican Indian: man, setat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 91. 
Crania Americana, plate 17 and page 153. In that work, table 1, 
page 257, this skull is erroneously referred to No. 559. 

3. 234. Skull said to be taken from under the vast Altar of Sacri- 
fices at Mexico. Presented by Dr. E. H. Barton, of N. Orleans. 

1. 1353. Cast of a singularly deformed Mexican skull. Prof. An- 
dreas Retzius, of Stockholm. 

1. 1566, Indian cranium. Pimos village, Mexico. Presented by 
Dr. Heermann, August, 1854. F. A. 78o. I. C. — . 

1. 1345. Skull of a chief of the Lipan tribe of Indians, killed in a 
skirmish with Col. Doniphan's legion, on the 5th of May, 1847, at 
Poyo, near Parsos, in New Mexico. Man, aetat. 40. I. C. 84. 
This skull was procured and presented by Dr. A. Wislizenus, of 
St. Louis, Missouri. 

2. 1346. Skull, supposed to be of an ancient tribe of Lipan Indians, 
from the celebrated sepulchral cavern of Bolson de Massimi, be- 



90 



CATALOGUE OF 



tween San Sebastian and San Lorezo, in the State of Durango, 
[New Mexico. Man, aetat. 50. I. C. 99. Obtained and pre- 
sented by Dr. A. Wislizenus, of St. Louis, Missouri, A. D. 1847. 

1. 1515. Modern Mexican Indian: man (?) aetat. 30. I. C. 78. 
Brought from Perotd, A. D.1847, by Capt. G. W. Smith, U. S. 
Army, and presented by Dr. J. H. B. McClellan. 

2. 1347, Head of a young Mexican sergeant, killed at the battle of 
Buena Vista, in New Mexico, May, 1847. An example of natural 
desiccation. Dr. R. S. Holmes, U. S. A. 

3. 555. Mexican soldier, aetat. 40, with three cicatrized gunshot 
wounds through the right parietal bone. Slain at the battle of San 
Jacinto, in Texas, A. D. 1836. 

4. 556. Mexican soldier, aetat. 40, with cicatrized depression of the 
frontal and nasal bones. Slain at the battle of San Jacinto. 

5. 557. Mexican soldier, aetat. 50, slain at San Jacinto. A rifle 
ball has entered the occipital bone and passed out of the left 
parietal. 

6. 558. xMexican soldier, aetat. 40, slain at San Jacinto. Skull 
perforated by a ball. 

Nos. 555 to 558, inclusive, from J. J. Audubon, Esq. 

7. 722. Singularly formed skull from the battle-field of San Jacinto, 
in Texas, A. D. 1836. I. C. 79. Dr. Trudeau. 

8. 689. Mexican Indian, slain at the battle of San Jacinto, in 
Texas, A. D. 1836. Man, aetat. 30. I. C. 91. W. M. Black- 
ford, Esq. 



V. NEGRO GROUP. 

1. American-Bom. 

{Case 12.) 

1. 1. Negro, born in the United States, aetat. 30. I. C. 83. 

2. 2. Negro, born in the United States, setat. 50. F. A. 69 c . 
I. C 83. 

3. 69. Negress, aetat. 80 years. I. C. 79. 

4. 74. Negro ; died of malignant polypus of the antrum. I. C. 76. 
Dr. F. Turnpenny. 

5. 548. Negro of St. Domingo, aetat. 30. I. C. 86. 

6. 549. Negress, aetat. 20. I. C. 83. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 91 

7. 900. Negro, born in the United States, setat. 60. I. C. 75. 

8. 983. Negro, born in the United States. F. A. 76°. I. C. 84. 




Negro (983). 
9. 984. Negro, born in the United States, setat. 50. F. A. 79°. 
I. C. 86. 

10. 1301. Fragment of a Negro skull of remarkable thickness. 

11. 1302. Negro convict. 

12. 1318. Negro. History unknown. 

13. 1320. Negress of South Carolina, aetat. 30. I. C. 73. X)r. 
Hardy. 

14. 1321. Cast of the skull of a Negro, remarkable for the flatness of 
the lateral or temporal regions, and for a grooved surface over the 
posterior part of the coronal suture, and deep depressions which 
supply the place of the parietal protuberances. Dr. J. Wyman, of 
Boston. See Nos. 444, 893 and 1290. 

15. 235. Cast of a Negro skull. 

16. 236. Cast of a Negro skull. 

2. Native Africans. 
(Cases 12-13.) 

1. 12. Native African boy. Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger. 

2. 114, Negro, from Western Africa. 

3. 421. Native African, male of the Benguella tribe, aetat. 
about 40 years. I. C. 88. Dr. J. W. Russell, 1835. 

4. 422. Native African, female of the Mina tribe, setat. about 
30 years. I. C. 80. Dr. Russell. 

5. 423. Native African, male of the Mozambique tribe, aetat. 
between 40 and 50 years. I. C. 85. Dr. Russell. 

6. 1245, Mozambique Negro : man, setat. 60. I. C. 80. Mr. Jno. 
Watson, through Dr. G-. Watson, 1845. 

7. 237. Cast of a Mozambique skull. Presented by Mr. Harlan. 
[In the Benguella skull (No. 421), the forehead is broad and capa- 



92 CATALOGUE OF 

cious, the calvarial arch full and regular, the posterior region ap- 
pears elongated in consequence of the angle formed by the junction 
of a large Wormian piece and the occiput proper ; face regular, 
superior maxilla} prognathous. The Mozambique skull (No. 423), 
resembles in form that of the Benguella and Kroos. In another 
Mozambique hoad (No. 1245), however, the forehead is narrower 
and higher. The cast of a Mozambique skull (No. 237), pre- 
sents an exceedingly low and degraded form.] 
580. Native African of the Mactja tribe : boy, setat. 16. 
F. A. 75°. I. C. 67. Dr. Lobe of Havana. 
9. 640. Native African of the Dey tribe, Liberia. Dr. Skinner. 

10. 645. Native African of the Grabbo tribe, near Liberia : man, 
setat. 30. F. A. 77°. I. C. 97. 

11. 646. Native African of the Bass a tribe of Liberia: woman, 
setat. 30. F. A. 80°. I. C. 77. 

12. 647. Native African of the Bassa tribe of Liberia : man, cetat. 
30. I. C 98. 

13. 648. Native African of the Bassa tribe, aetat. 50. I. C. 88. 
I received this skull, together with the preceding three, from Dr. 
Robert McDowell, with the following memorandum : — 

" The skull of an African Gree-gree man, or doctor. For commit- 

i ting some crime he was tried by the ordeal of drinking red-wood 

water f and being found guilty, was cut in pieces, and thrown into 

the St. John's river, Grand Bassa, Africa, where his skull was 

found — a very good specimen of the Bassa tribe. A. D. 1835. 

14. 823. Negress, setat. 60, with gray, woolly hair. I. C. 73. Crania 
iEgyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 7. 




Negres^s (823). 
15. 898. Native African. 
The following series of 29 skulls, of Native African Negroes, was 
received from Don Jose Rodriguez Cisneros, M. D., of Havana. 



HUMAN CRANIA. 93 

16. 901. Native African. F. A. 76°. I. C. 76. 

17. 902. Native African, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 86. 

18. 903. Native African. F. A. 77*. I. C. 80. 

19. 904. Native African, setat. 20. F. A. 76°. I. C. 79. 

20. 905. Native African, setat. 30. 

21. 906. Native African, aetat. 12. 

22. 907. Native African, aetat. 14. 

23. 908. Native African, aetat. 25. 

24. 909. Native African, aetat. 16. 

25. 910. Native African, aetat. 20. 

26. 911. Native African, aetat. 14. 

27. 912. Native African, aetat. 25. 

28. 913. Native African, aetat. 30. 

29. 914. Native African, aetat. 17. 

30. 915. Native African, aetat. 25. 

31. 916. Native African, aetat. 16. 

32. 917. Native African, aetat. 25. 

33. 918. Native African, aetat. 40. 

34. 919. Native African, aetat. 30. 

35. 920. Native African, setat. 25. 

36. 921. Native African, setat. 14. 

37. 922. Native African, setat. 14. 

38. 923. Native African, aetat. 20. 

39. 924. Native African, aetat. 16. 

40. 925. Native African, aetat. 30. 

41. 926. Native African, aetat. 14. 

42. 927. Native African, setat. 16. 

43. 928. Native African, aetat. 35. 

44. 929. Native African, setat. 40. 
Second series of crania of Native African tribes, Nos. 958 to 981, 

inclusive, from Don Jose Kodriguez Cisneros, M. D., of Havana. 

45. 958. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 79°. I. C. 89. 

46. 959. Native African, aetat. 7. 

47. 960. Native African Negress, setat. 18. F. A. 76°. I. C. 82. 

48. 961, Native African : girl of 14 years. F. A. 82°. 

49. 962. Native African Negro, aetat. 18. F. A. 76°. I. C. 87. 

50. 963. Native African Negro, setat. 30. F. A. 71°. I. C. 82. 

51. 964. Native African Negro, aetat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 93. 

52. 965, Native African Negress, aetat. 16. F. A 77°. I. C 72. 

53. 966. Native African Negress. F. A. 79 Q I. 0. 79. 

54. 967. Native African : girl of 18. I. C. 71. 



F. A. 75o. 


I. C. 85. 


F. A. 79°. 




F. A. 82°. 


I.C. 99. 


F. A. 79°. 


I. C. 89. 


F. A. 75°. 


I. C. 78. 


F. A. 79*. 




F. A. 76°. 


I. C. 87. 


F. A. 76°. 


I. C. 92. 


F. A. 73°. 


L C. 78. 


F. A. 77°. 


I. C 88. 


F. A. 79*. 


I. C. 80. 


F. A. 78°. 


I. C. 73. 


F. A. 75°. 


I. C. 87. 


F. A. 80°. 


I. C. 96. 


F. A. 74*. 


I. C. 72. 


F. A. 74*. 




F. A. 81°. 


I. C. 86. 


F. A. 73°. 


I. C. 76. 


F. A. 81*. 


I. C. 80. 


F. A. 80*. 


I. C. 90. 


F. A. 77°. 


I. C. 88. 


F. A. 77°,. 


I. C. 83. 



94 CATALOGUE OF 

55. 968. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 73°. I. C. 87. 

W. 969. Native African : girl of 12 years. F. A. 74°. 

57. 970. Native African : girl of 16. F. A. 78°. I. C. 76. 

58. 971. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 80°. I. C. 86. 

59. 972. Native African : boy of 15 years. F. A. 75°. 

60. 973. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 79*. I. C. 93. 

61. 974. Native African Negro. F. A. 72°. I. C. 85, 

62. 975. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 81°. I. C. 99. 

63. 976. Native African Negro, aetat. 18. F. A. 80 p . I. C. 82. 

64. 977. Native African, aetat. 16. F. A. 83°. I. C. 86. 

65. 978. Native African Negro, aetat. 20. F. A. 80°. I. C. 78. 
(yQ. 979. Native African, aetat. 16. F. A. 73*. I. C. 77. 

67. 980. Native African, aetat. 14. 

68. 981. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 75°. I. C. 97. 

69. 993. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 81°. I. C. 78. 

70. 994. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 76. 

71. 1093, Golah Negro, warrior, aetat. 70. F. A. 77°. I. C. 85. 
Liberia. 

72. 1094. Golah warrior, aetat. 40. F. A. 77°. I. C. 90. 

73. 1095. Pessah : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 90. 

74. 1096. Pessah : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 80. 

75. 1097. Pessah : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 77°. I. C. 83. 

The five preceding skulls are of Negroes killed in the attack on 
Heddington, in Liberia, A. D. 1840. 

76. 1098. Krooman, aetat. 40. F. A. 79°. I. C. 92. 

77. 1099. Krooman, aetat. 50. F. A. 73°. I. C. 95. 

78. 1100. Dey : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 79°. I. C. 89. 

79. 1101. Eboe : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 74°. 

80. 1102. Eboe : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 75 Q . I. C. 71. 
The last two were hanged in Liberia for murder. 

81. 1103. Native African : woman, aetat. 25. F. A. 75°. I. C. 65. 
The preceding eleven skulls of Native Africans were received A. D. 

1842, from Dr. S. M. E. Goheen, for several years physician to the 
colony of Liberia in Western Africa. 
[The Golah skull (No. 1093), is remarkable for its massiveness and 
density. The calvaria is well-formed, expanding fron the frontal 
region back towards the occiput, which is flat and shelving. The 
two halves of the os frontis form a double inclined plane, whose 
summit coincides with the sagittal suture. The basis cranii is 
full and round, and the mastoid processes large; nasal bones flat, 
aud falling in below the glabella; orbits large, and widely sepa- 



HUMAN CRANIA. 95 

rated ; malar bones laterally prominent. This latter feature, in 
conjunction with the double inclination of the os frontis, gives to 
the head a pyramidal form. The superior maxilla is distinctly 
everted at the alveolar margin. Another head of the same tribe 
is longer and narrower, and, in consequence of the flatness of the 
malar bones, has less of the pyramidal form. — The calvaria of a 
Pessah skull (No. 1095) is oblong in figure ; the forehead flat, 
and receding ; superciliary ridges ponderous ; malar bones large 
and flat; upper jaw everted; lower jaw retracted, occiput pro- 
tuberant. In a Kroo head (No. 1098), I find the forehead broad 
and high ; the calvaria regularly arched, and having its greatest 
diameter between the anterior and inferior parts of the parietalia ; 
the occipital region flat and shelving downwards and forwards to 
a small foramen magnum; mastoid processes large; face very 
broad ; malar bones shelving slightly like those of the Eskimo ; 
inter-orbital space very large; upper jaw slightly everted ; teeth 
rather small, and vertical ; zygomatic fossae deep. In another 
Kroo skull, the vertex is flat, the forehead recedent, and the jaws 
more prognathous. The calvaria of a Dey skull is narrow in front 
and broad posteriorly, with a flat vertex ; face small, regular, and 
compact, and, were it not for the projection of the superior alve- 
olus, might be considered as almost European. The skull of an 
Eboe (No. 1102), presents characters similar to those just de- 
tailed. It is chiefly remarkable for the great obliquity of the 
orbital opening, and the unusual smallness of the mastoid pro- 
cesses.] 

82. 1224. Congo Negro ; a young native. Remarkable for the ab- 
sence of the coronal, sagittal and lambdoidal sutures. Dr. David 
Gilbert, 1844. 

83. 1107. Hottentot: woman, aetat. 35. F. A. 75°. I. C 68. 

84. 1244. Hottentot : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. 

85. 1351. Hottentot : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 83. 

The above three Hottentot skulls were sent me by Mr. John Watson , 
of Cape Town, through Dr. Gavin Watson, 1845-8. 

86. 1358. Kaffer skull : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 80. From Mr. John 
Watson, through Dr. G. Watson. 

87. 1360. Cast of a Kaffer skull. Prof. Retzius. 

88. 238. Cast of the skull of a Bosjie woman. Presented by Mr. 
Harlan. 

[The three Hottentot heads are long, compressed anteriorly; fore- 
heads low ; the whole face small and prognathous, the slope, from 



96 CATALOGUE OF 

the glabella to the upper alveolus, being continuous ; the occipital 
region protuberant. Only one of these heads approximates the 
pyramidal form. The two Kaffir skulls are characterized by high, 
peaked foreheads ; the sagittal suture marked by a prominent ridge, 
and the calvaria pyramidal in form.] 

3. Hovahs. 
[Case 13.) 

1. 1306. Hovah of Madagascar : man, aetat. 25. I. C. 82. 

2. 1307. Hovah of Madagascar : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 83. 

These two Hovah skulls were procured by Lieut. Isaac G. Strain, 
U. S. N., at Majunga, Bembatooka Bay, on the west coast ot 
Madagascar, A. D. 1846. 

The Hovahs, who constitute the ruling caste of this island, are a 
black race closely allied to the Kaffers. They are more or less 
blended with the Arabs, Hindus and Malays, but not to such a 
degree as to materially affect their national traits or their peculiar 
language, as Mr. Crawfurd has shown. 

[These two Hovah skulls have the base long and narrow, the vertex 
flat, the orbits narrow and high, and the superior maxilla? promi- 
nent.] 

IV. ALFORIAN RACE. 
Australians. 
(Case 13.) 
The following three native Australian skulls were presented to me 
A. D. 1849, by Dr. Charles Nicholson, of Sydney, New South 
Wales. 

1. 1450. Australian woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 71. 

2. 1451. Native Australian man, from Mount Abrupt, in the 
Australian Grampians. iEtat. 50. I. C. 83. 

3. 1452. Native Australian woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 63. 

4. 1327. Australian of Port St. Philip, New South Wales. 

This man, whose name was Durabub, was killed in a fray after having 
himself killed two savages of a hostile tribe, A. D. 1841. His skull 
is the nearest approach to the Orang type that I have seen. JEtat. 
40. I. C 81. 

[Tt is a truly animal head. The forehead is exceedingly flat and re- 
cedent, while the prognathism of the superior maxillary almost 
degenerates into a muzzle. The alveolar arch, instead of beins: 



HUMAN CRANIA. 97 

round or oval in outline, is nearly square. The whole head is 
elongated and depressed along the coronal region, the basis cranii 




Australian (1327). 
flat, and the mastoid processes very large and roughly formed. 
The immense orbits are overhung by ponderous superciliary 
ridges. This latter feature is still more evident in No. 1451 of 
the Collection, which, though varying somewhat in type, presents 
in general the same brutal appearance.] 

5. 1328. Native Australian boy, about 16 years old, native of Port 
St. Philip, at which place he was hanged for murder. I. C. 82. 
Procured in Calcutta by my friend Dr. Chas. Huffnagle, and by 
him presented to me, A. D. 1847. 

6. 1261. New Hollander, of a tribe near the Goulbourn settlement : 
man, aetat. 60. I. C. 81. 

7. 1262, New Hollander, from a tribe of the Groulbourn settlement, 
killed in an affray with the people of another tribe : woman, aetat, 
55. I. C. 75. 

The two preceding skulls were sent me by Charles Nicholson, M. D., 
of Sydney, in Australia, 1845. See Proceedings of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences, for December, 1845. 

8. 1289. Native of New Holland : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 65. From 
J. W. Wilton, Esq., Gloucester, England, 1846. 

9. 239. Fragment of the skull of a New Hollander. 

10. 240. Australian : man, from Moreton Bay. 

11. 241. Australian : woman, from Moreton Bay. 

Oceanic Negroes. 

1. 435. Oceanic Negro, from the Indian Archipelago : woman, 
aetat. 40. I. C. 77. Dr. Doornik. 

2. 1343: Tasmanian, of Van Diemen's land (?) Oceanic Negro 
of the Indian Archipelago ; aetat. 35. I. C. 76. 

7 



<»8 



CATALOGUE OF 



VI. MIXED RACES. 

Copts. 
(Case 14.) 

759. Copt, from a Convent near Cairo, on the road to Abersabei : 
woman, ©tat. 20. F. A. 78°. I. C. 77. Crania JEgyptiaca, 
page 57. From Gr. R. Gliddon, Esq., late United States Consu"; 
for the City of Cairo. 

760. Coptic child, a year old. 
Obtained with No. 759. 

761. Copt of Lower Egypt: 
man, rctat. 40. F. A. 81°. 
I. C. 85. Obtained with No. 
759. 

[Dr. Morton describes No. 761 as 
elongated, narrow, but other- 
wise mediately developed in 
front, with great breadth and 
fulness in the whole posterio 1 ' 
region. The nasal bones, 
though prominent, are broad, 
short, and concave, and the 
upper jaw is everted. There is 
also a remarkable distance be- 
tween the eyes. See Crania 
JEgyptiaca, p. 57.] 

795i Skull exhumed from the 
front of the First or Northern 
Brick Pyramid of Dashour, 
Memphite necropolis, by Mr. 
Perring, Civil Engineer. Blends 
the Coptic with the Egyptian 
form. F. A. 70°. I. C. 75. 
Crania ^Egyptiaca, page J. 
For an engraving of this skull, 
sec page 39. 




HUMAN CRANIA. 



99 



5. 786. Skull sent me from Old Cairo, in Egypt, by Mr. Gliddon, 
who knew nothing of its history. A eunuch ? setat. 40. I. C. 77. 

Negroid Egyptians. 

1. 800. Negroid form: head of a child. 

2. 835. Negroid form : woman of 30, with long, coarse hair. 

F. A. 73°. I. C. 71. Crania iEgyp- 
tiaca, plate 4, fig. 3. 

Nos. 800 and 835 are from G. R. 
Gliddon, Esq, 

3. 852, Negroid Egyptian : man, setat. 
50. F. A. 75°. I. C. 77. Crania 
iEgyptiaca, page 17. 

4. 857. Egyptian blended with the 
Negro form ? Hair fine. F. A. 77°. 
I. C. 83. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 7, 
fig. 3. 

5. 858, Negroid Egyptian : man, setat. 
60. F. A. 77°. I. C. 87. Crania 

• iEgyptiaca, page 17. 
Nos. 852, 857 and 858 are from M. Clot 
Bey. 

6. 864, Negroid Egyptian : woman, 
aetat. 40. F. A. 75°. I. C. 77. 
Crania iEgyptiaca, page 17. 

7. 869. Negroid Egyptian : man, setat. 
50. F. A. 76o. I. C. 88. Crania 
iEgyptiaca, page 17. 

8. 874. Egyptian and Negro form? 
child of ten years. 

9. 885. Negroid form : woman, setat. 
40. F. A. 76°. I. C. 77. Crania 
iEgyptiaca, page 17. 

Nos. 864, 869, 874 and 885 are from 

G. R. Gliddon, Esq. 

10. 1238. Mummied head from Egypt. 
Negroid form ; hair long, coarse and 
curling. Dr. C. Pickering. 1845. 

11. 1239. Mummied head from Egypt. Negroid form ? man, aetat. 
50. I. C. 75. Dr. Charles Pickering. 1845. 




100 CATALOGUE OF 

12. 1294, Embalmed head from the Grottoes of Maabdeh. Negroid 
form (mixed Negro and Egyptian) with short frizzled hair : man, 
sctat. 50. From A. C. Harris, Esq., of Alexandria, in Egypt, 
A. D. 1846. 

Nubians. 

1. 787. Modern Nubian ? Nation uncertain. From Old Cairo. 
Woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 80. 

2. 839. Nubian form? man, setat. 50. F. A. 78o. I. C. 74. 
Thebes. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 8, fig. 3. 

3. 888. Nubian form ? man, jetat. 35. I. C. 85. Crania JEgyp- 
tiaca, page 14. 

Nos. 787 to 888 from G. R. Gliddon, Esq. 




Nubian? (888). 

4. 242. Cast of a Nubian skull. From the late Dr. Harlan's col- 
lection. Presented by Mr. Harlan. 

Hispano- Peruvians. 

1. 50, CnoLO, or Hispano-Peruvian ? From the church vault 
at Old Callao, into which were thrown the dead bodies of the Royal- 
ist garrison of San Philippo, A. D. 1825. I. C. 96. Dr. H. S. 
Rermolds, U. S. Navy. 

2. 61. CnoLO, or Hisi>ano-Peruvian ? cetat. 50. I. C. 95. Dr. 
II. S. Rennolds, U. S. Navy. 

Hiqmno'Indian. 
1. 690. Mexican soldier, with a cicatrised sabre wound of the os 



HUMAN CRANIA. 101 

frontis. Mixed Indian and Spaniard ? aetat. 30. Slain at San 
Jacinto, Texas. I. C. 81. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 

Negroid Indians. 

1. 408. Choctaw and Negro? I. C. 79. Dr. Wilson, who dis- 
sected this man, considered him a full-blooded Choctaw ; but the 
skull strongly indicates a mixture of the Negro. 

2. 636. Sambo : mixed race of Venezuela Indian and Negro : 
man, aetat. 40. I. C. 81. Ex-President Vargas, of Caraccas. 

3. 982. Mixed Negro and Indian ? I. C. 78. 

Malay o- Chinese* 

1. 1342, Malayo-Chinese of the Island of Java : man, 83 tat. 30. 
I. C. 84. Presented by Dr. Mead, through Dr. John Watson, of 
New York, 1847. 

Mulattoes. 

1. 1234. Mulatto ? man, aetat. 50, with an anchylosed fracture and 
displacement of the left occipital condyle. Dr. Edward Hallowell. 

2. 1319. Skull of John Voorhees, a Mulatto porter, born in Chester 
county, Pennsylvania, and died of consumption in the Blockley 
Hospital, November 5, 1846, aged 35 years. About an hour be- 
fore his death, he called the nurse to him and confessed as follows : 
That eighteen or twenty years before, having a hatred against 
another boy of his own color, two years younger than himself, he 
strangled and killed him. After committing the murder he be- 
came alarmed, and placed the dead body in a chair near the win- 
dow, hoping to revive it. He then fled ; and not having been seen 
to enter the house was never suspected of the murder ; and the boy, 
being found dead in the chair, was supposed to have died of apo- 
plexy. I have these facts and the skull from my friend Dr. Adol- 
phus L. Heerman. 

VII. LUNATICS AND IDIOTS. 
(Case 14.) 

1. 9. Negro Idiot, aetat. 60. I. C. 70. 

2. 10. Anglo-American boy : hydrocephalus, aged 8 years. 

3. 14. Anglo-American Lunatic : woman, aetat. 45. F. A. 80°. 
I. C. 85. 1830. 



102 CATALOGUE OF 

4. 17. Mulatto Lunatic. Died of religious mania, 1831. Man, 
aetat. 22. I. 0. 77. 

5. 36. Anglo-American Idiot : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 81. 

6. 45. Anglo-American Lunatic, for several years confined in 
the cells of the Philadelphia Hospital. I. C 91. 

7 55, Negro Lunatic, aetat. 40. I. C. 89. 

8. 57. Lunatic Irishman, (Celt) aetat. 40. F. A. 79°. I. C. 82. 

9. 58. German Lunatic : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 87. 

10. 62. Lunatic Englishman, aged 30 years. I. C. 92. 1833. 

11. 63. Negro Lunatic. Died irr the Philadelphia Hospital, A. D. 
1832, aged G5 years. I. 0. 84. 

12. 64. Mulatto Lunatic : woman, aetat. 18. I. C. 76. Died of 
' Cholera, A. D. 1832. 

13. 431. Malay Idiot of Amboyna : man, aetat. 30. 1.0. <4. 
From Dr. Doornik. 

U 458. Anglo-American female ; an Idiot from birth. Died Scp- 
' tember, 1836, aetat. 70. I. C. 63. Dr. Henry S. Patterson. 

15. 551. Idiot : European, aetat. 30. I. C. 79. From Dr. Door- 
' nik's collection. Presented by Dr. Jones, of New Orleans. 

16. 841. Idiotic head from Thebes : man, with fine hair. F. A. 
65° ? Crania JEgyptiaca, page 16. 




17. 



L8. 



19. 



an 



Idiot (841). 
Idiot : man, aetat. 40 



Crania JEgyptiaca, 



863. Head of 
page 16. 

988. Dutch Idiot, deaf and dumb : man, aetat. 30. I. C 96.5, 
Dr. W. B. Casey, of Middletown, Connecticut. 

243. Skull of an Idiotic Negress, of a most remarkable charac- 



HUMAN CRANIA. 103 

ter. Presented by Mr. B. H. Warden, while these sheets were 
passing through the press. 

VIII. SKULLS ILLUSTRATIVE OF GROWTH. 
{Case 15.) 

1. 65. Skull of a child born at the seventh month. Dr. P. B. 
Goddard. 

2. 65. Child six months old. Dr. Goddard. 

3. 419. Head at the full period of utero-gestation. 

4. 709. Skull of a foetus at the sixth month of utero-gestation. 

5. 1211. Cranium of a child five months old. 

6. 1212. Cranium of a child nine months old. 

7. 1213. Cranium of a child eight months old. 

Miscellaneous and Uncertain. 

1. 244. Cranium phrenologically marked, according to Dr. Spurz- 
heim. From Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger. 

2. 245. Cranium phrenologically marked. 
1-11. Eleven unclassified crania. 

1045 Total. 
It will be seen that this total differs from that given on page 16, 
This discrepancy is due to the incorporation of several skulls 
received while these sheets were passing through the press. 
(See page 52, note, and page 102, No. 243). 



INDEX 



Page. 

Abyssinian, (No. 1361) 36 

Affghan, (No. 1333) 31 

Africans, Native, (Nos. 12, 114,237,238,421 to 423, 580,640,645 to 
648, 823, 898, 901 to 929, 958 to 981, 993, 994, 1093 

to 1103, 1107, 1224, 1244, 1245, 1351, 1358, 1360).. 91-6 

Alexandrian Egyptians, (Nos. 1266 to 1268) 40 

Alforian Race, (See Australians) 96 

Amboyna Malays, (Nos. 430, 459, 1338) 53 

America, Central, Barbarous Tribes of, (Nos. 990, 1050, 1067) 73 

" North, " « ' 56 

" South, « « 73 

" " Indians from Mounds in, (Nos. 1242, 1243) 74-5 

American Group 56 

American Indians from various sources, (Nos. 53,211, 215 to 220, 416, 
736, 992, 1236, 1237, 1270 to 1272, 1287, 1288, 1315, 

1455, 1510 to 1512, 1557) 68-73 

Anglo-American Race 25 

Anglo-Americans, (Nos. 7, 24, 88, 98, 552, 724, 899, 1108) 25-6 

Anglo-Saxon Race 24 

Arabs, (Nos. 780, 781, 784) , 34 

Araucanians (Nos. 120, 221 to 224, 651, 652, 654 to 656, 995, 997) 73-4 

Arican Peruvians, (See Peruvians) 76-8 

Arickarees, (Nos. 649, 748, 949) 56 

Armenians, (Nos. 789 to 794) 30 

Assinaboins, (Nos. 659, 1230, 1231) 56 

Australians, (Nos. 239 to 241, 1261, 1262, 1289, 1327, 1328, 1450 to 

1452) 96-7 

Ayras, (Nos. 712, 713, 1329 to 1332, 1334, 1335) 45 

Aztec Mexicans, (Nos. 734, 735) 87 

Barbarous Tribes of North America 56 

Bassa Negroes, (Nos. 646 to 648) 92 



106 • INDEX. 

Page. 
Bengalees, (Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 49, 51, 83, 101, 
111,410,411,413, 432, 442 to 444,547, 553, 554, G55, 948, 

1047, 1309 to 1312, 1344, 1554) 45-7 

Benguella Negro, (No. 421) 91 

Berber Race 35 

Black-foot Indians, (See Cotonays) 57 

Borneo Malays, (Nos. 425, 1186) 53 

Bosjie, (No. 238) 95 

Brahmin, (No. 330) 45 

Brazilians, (Nos. 1254, 1513, 1528 to 1530, 1555, 1556) 76 

British soldier, (?) (No. 21) 26 

Burat Mongol, (No. 1355) 48 

Burgnndian, Ancient, (No. 1533) 24 

Burmese soldiers, (Nos. 666, 667) 47 

Calapooyah, (No. 574) 63 

Californian Indians, (Nos. 1514, 1565) 68 

Catacombs of Paris, Skulls from, (Nos. 661 to 664) 27 

Caucasian Group 19 

Cayuga Indian, (No. 417) 72 

Celtic Race, (See Irish) 26 

Central Americans 73 

Charibs, (Nos. 225, 638, 692) 75-6 

Chayenne Indian, (No. 1041) 72 

Chechemecan, (No. 1005) 88 

Chemesyan Indian, (No. 987) 72 

Cherokees, (Nos. 632 to 635, 1285, 1297) 56 

Chetimachcs, (Nos. 43, 70) 57 

Chimuyan Indian, (No. 11) 86 

Chinese, (Nos. 3, 56, 94, 426, 427, 550, 669, 670, 1336, 1526, 1527) 47-8 

Chinooks, (Nos. 203, 457, 462, 578, 641, 721, 1349, 1350) 57 

Chippeways, (Nos. 683,684) 57 

Choctaw Indian, (No. 22) 72 

Cimbric Dane. (No. 1362) 20 

Oimbric Swedes, (Nos. 1532, 1550) 20 

Circassians, (Nos. 762 to 765) 29-30 

Clatsaps, (Nos. 203, 575).... 57, 64 

Clickitats, (Nos. 207, -161) 63 

Congo Negro, (No. 1224) 95 

Copts, (Nos. 759 to 761, 786, 795) 98 

Ootonay Indians, (Nos. 744, 745, 1227) 57-8 

Creek-. (N'os. 441, 579, 751, 1454) 58 

Crow Indians, (See Upsarookas) 68 

Dacotas, (Nos, 1 12, 204, 605) 58-9 

Dane, Oimbric, (No. 1362) 20 

Informed Mexican skull, (No. 1353) 89 



INDEX. 



107 



Page. 

Delaware Indians, (See Lenapes) 59 

Dey Negroes, (Nos. 640, 1100) 92, 94 

Djogocarta Javanese, (No. 428) 53 

Dutchman, (No. 434) 23 

Dyaks, (Nos. 1523, 1525) 54 

Eboes, (Nos. 1101, 1102) 94 

Egyptians, Alexandrian, (Nos. 1266 to 1268) 40 

Egyptians from Gizeh, (Nos. 1194 to 1209) , 41 

" " Maabdeh, (Nos. 833, 834, 836, 1292) 42 

" " Memphis, (Nos. 769, 797, 805, 806, 809, 810, 811, 813, 

816, 819, 820, 1223, 1235, 1291, 1519 to 

1522, 1524) 39-40 

" " Pits atKoum Ombos, (Nos. 830 to 832) 41-2 

" Negroid, 99-100 

» from Thebes, (Nos. 48, 60, 843, 844, 846 to 849, 851, 853, 

854, 855, 860 to 862,866, 867, 871, 872, 876 
to 878, 880 to 883, 886 to 889, 894, 1044, 

1290, 1293, 1295) 36-9 

" " other sources, (Nos. 802, 803, 822, 1240, 1317) 42 

Englishmen, (Nos. 59, 80, 539, 991) 24-5 

Eskimos, (Nos. 200, 674 to 679, 1558 to 1563) 50-2 

Euchee Indian, (No. 39) 72 

Explanatory Note 3 

Fellahs, (Nos. 499, 766 to 776, 778, 779, 782, 783, 785, 788, 999) 42-3 

Finland Swedes, (Nos. 1545, 1546) 20 

Finnish Race , 21 

Finns, Swedish, (Nos. 1542 to 1544) 20-1 

Finns, True, (Nos. 1252, 1259, 1534 to 1541) 21-2 

Fox Indians, (See Ottigamies), 65 

Fuke-luste-Hadjo Indian, (No. 729) 67 

Guanche, (No. 23) 35 

Gee-Foo Malay, (No. 1316) 53 

Gentoo Indians, (Nos. 1555, 1556) 76 

Gepepscot Indian, (See Penobscots) 65 

Germans, (Nos. 37, 706, 1060, 1062 to 1064, 1187 to 1191) 22-3 

Gizeh Egyptians, (Nos. 1194 to 1209) 41 

Golah Negroes, (Nos. 1093, 1094) 94 

Grabbo Negro, (No. 615) 92 

Greeco-Egyptians, (Nos. 798, 799, 801, 804, 808,812,814, 815, 817, 821 
824, 825, 837, 838, 840, 850, 856, 859, 868, 873, 875, 

884, 893) 31-3 

Greek, (No. 1354) 29 

Gros-ventre Indians, (See Minetari) 61 

Guaycuru Indian, (No. 1530.).,...., 76 



108 INDEX. 

Page. 

Hebrews, (Nos. 807, 818, 842, 845, 865, 870, 879, 1299) 34-5 

Hindoos, (See Ayr as and Bengalees) 44-7 

Hispano-Peruvians, (Nos. 50, 61) 100 

Hispano-Indian, (No. 690) 101 

Hottentots, (Nos. 1107, 1244, 1351) 95 

Hovahs, (Nos. 1306, 1307)....: 96 

Hurons, (Nos. 15, 607, 1217, 1218) 59 

Hyperborean Race 48 

Idiots, (See Lunatics) 101 

Illinois Indians, (Nos. 1010, 1042) 59 

Indians from Steubenville Cave, (Nos. 210, 420, 436 to 439, 658, 723)... 69 

Indo-Chinese Race 47 

Indostanic Race 44 

Introduction 13 

Irish, (Nos. 18, 42, 52, 985, 986, 1186, 1356) 26-7 

Iroquois, (Nos. 16, 119, 989) 59 

Japanese, (No. 668) 48 

Javanese Malays, (See Malays) 53 

Kaffers, (Nos. 1358, 1360) 95 

Kalmuck, (No. 1553) 49 

Kamskatkan (No. 725) 48 

Kanakas of Oahu, (Nos. 564, 695) 54-5 

" Sandwich Islands, (Nos. 565, 566, 572, 1300, 1308) 54-5 

Kenhawha, (No. 212) 72 

Kens or Ancient Nubians, (Nos. 826 to 829) 41 

Killemook, (No. 576) 64 

Klatsoni, (No. 577) 64 

Kowalitsk, (No. 573) 63 

Kroomen, (Nos. 1098, 1099) 94 

Laplanders, (Nos. 1248, 1250, 1257, 1551, 1552) 50 

Lenapes or Delawares, (Nos. 40, 115, 118, 205, 206, 418, 568, 1263 

to 1265) 59-60 

Lipan Indians, (Nos. 1345, 1346) 89 

Loo-Choos, (Nos. 672, 673) 48 

Lunatics and Idiots, (Nos. 9, 10, 14, 17, 36, 45, 55, 57, 58, 62 to 64, 

243, 431, 458, 551, 841, 863, 988) 101-2 

Maabdeh Egyptians, (Nos. 833, 834, 836, 1292) 42 

Macua Negro, (No. 580) 92 

Malayan Race 52 

Malayo-Chincse, (No. 1342) 101 

Malays of Arnboyna, (Nos. 430, 459, 1338) B3 

" Bally,' (No. 47) 53 



INDEX. 



109 



Malays of Borneo, (Nos. 425, 1186) 53 

«' Ceylon, (No. 495) 53 

« Gee-Foo, (No. 1316) 53 

" Java, (Nos. 46, 428, 545, 1341) 53 

« Macassar, (Nos. 429, 546, 1340) '. 53 

" Madura, (Nos. 201, 424, 1339) '. 53-4 

" Malacca, (No. 460) 53 

" Singapore, (No. 1337) 53 

« Sumbawa, (No. 433) 54 

" Tagelos, (No. 41) 52 

" from other sources, (Nos. 543, 544) 53 

Mandans, (Nos. 643, 644, 738 to 742) 60 

Marquesas Islander, (No. 1531) 55 

Massasauga, (No. 27) 72 

Maya Indian, (No. 990) 73 

Memphite Egyptians, (Nos. 796,797,805,806,809 to 811,813, 816, 819, 

820, 1223, 1235, 1291, 1519 to 1522, 1524) 39-40 

Menominees, (Nos. 35, 44, 78, 454, 563, 1220, 1222) 60 

Mexican Family 87 

Mexicans, Ancient, (Nos. 234, 682, 1314) 89 

" Modern, (Nos. 555 to 558, 689, 722, 1347, 1515) 90 

" of the Aztec nation, (Nos. 734,735) 87 

" Chechemecan, (No. 1005) 88 

" of the Otomie nation, (Nos. 1000 to 1003, 1323) 88 

« from Otumba,(Nos. 714 to 716) 88 

" of the Pames tribe, (Nos. 681, 1313) 89 

" from Pimos village, (No. 1566) 89 

" " Tacuba, (Nos. 717 to 720) 88 

" of the Tlahuica tribe, (No. 34) 87 

" of Tlascala, (No. 1004) 88 

" of Tlatilocolo, (No. 1226) 89 

Miamis, (Nos. 106, 407, 541, 542, 1052 to 1058, 1233) 61 

Micco-Sukie Indian, (No. 733) 67 

Midianites, (Nos. 671, 1296) 34 

Mina Negro, (No. 422) 91 

Minetaris, (Nos. 650, 746, 747,749) 61 

Mingo Indian, (No. 455) 72 

Mixed Paces 98 

Mohawks, (Nos. 895 to 897) 61 

Mongolian Group 47 

Mozambique Negroes, (Nos. 237, 423, 1245) 91 

Mulattoes, (Nos. 1234, 1319) 101 

Muskogee, (No. 579) 58 

Naas Indians, (Nos. 213, 214) 72 

Nanticoke Indian, (No. 1219) 72 

Narragansets, (Nos. 693, 950 to 957, 1040) , 61-2 



110 INDEX. 

Page. 

Natchez, (Nos. 102, 1106) 62 

Naticks, (N08. 103, 104, 107, 110,401) 62-3 

Naumkeag Indian, (No. 567) 72 

Negro Group 00 

Negroes born in America, (Nos. 1, 2, 69, "74, 235, 236, 548, 549, 900, 

983, 984, 1301, 1302,1318, 1320, 1321)... 90-1 

Negroes, Oceanic, (Nos. 435, 1343) 97 

Negroid Egyptians, (Nos. 800, 835, 852, 857, 858,864, 869, 874, 885, 

1238, 1239, 1294) 99-100 

Negroid Indians, (Nos. 408, 636, 982) 100-101 

New Hollanders 97 

New Zealanders, (Nos. 202, 680, 1324, 1325) 55 

Nilotic Race, (See Egyptians) 35 

Nisqnally Indian, (No. 208) 64 

Norwegian, (No. 1260) 19 

Nubians, (Nos. 242,787, 839, 888) 100 

Orabite Egyptians, (Nos. 830 to 832) 41-2 

Oneida Indian, (No. 33) 72 

Oregon Tribes 57-63 

Osages, (Nos. 54, 660) 64 

Ostrogoth, (No. 1255) 20 

Otoes, (Nos. 755 to 758) 65 

Ottawas, (Nos. 1006 to 1009) 65 

Ottigamies, (Nos. 209, 415, 639, 694) 65 

Parsees or Persian fire-worshippers, (Nos. 731, 743) 30 

Patagonians, (Nos. 226, 1357, 1359) 76 

Pawnees, (Nos. 540, 1043) 65 

Pelasgic Race 28 

Penobscots, (Nos. 89, 105) 65 

i* ruvians from Arica, (Nos. 67, 227, 496, 1045, 1275 to 1284, 1363 to 

1368) 76-K 

" " Callao, (Nos. 233, 447, 448) 87 

" " Lima and its vicinity, (Nos. 68, 91, 231, 412, 414, 452, 

576) 

" " Pachacamac, (Nos. 13, 30, 75 to 77, 84 to 87, 90 to 92, 

93, 95 to 97, 99, 100, 108, 228, 229, 
230, 400, 402 to 400, 409, 446, 450, 453, 
541, 562, 568, 570, 571, 631, 642, 685 to 
688, 69G, 0!)7, 699, 750, 752, 947, 10 12, 
1059, 1104, 1225, 1232, 1241, L453, 

1456 to 1483, 1489 to 1509) 63 

" « Pisco, (Nos. 38, 72, 445,497,498, 630, 996,1048, 1061, 

1221, 1261), 1326, 1369 to 1376, 1406 to 1445, 

1184, 1485) 83-5 



INDEX. Ill 

Page. 

Peruvians from Santa, (Nos. 71, 73, *79, 81,82,109, 449, 569) 85-6 

" " Titicaca, Coracolla and other places, (Nos. 11, 113, 

232, 451, 637, 700 to 705, 710, 711, 1046, 

1348,1517,1518) 86-7 

Pessah Negroes, (Nos. 1095 to 1097) 94 

Phoenician, (No. 1352) 28 

Phrenologically marked crania 103 

Pocasset Indian, (No. 1036) 72 

Polynesian Race 54 

Potawatomies, (Nos. 657, 736, 737, 1322) 65 

Prussians, (Nos. 1065, 1066, 1192, 1193) 24 

Puelche, (No. 1359) 76 

Quichua Indian, (No. 637) 86 

Quinnipiack Indian, (No. 26) 72 

Roman, (No. 1049) 29 

Root-digger Indians, (See Shoshones) 67 

Saparoua 53 

Sauks, (Nos. 561, 1039, 1246) 66 

Scandinavian Race ' 19 

Sclavonians, (Nos. 1251, 1253) 28 

Seminoles, (Nos. 456, 604, 698, 707, 708, 726 to 730, 732, 733, 754, 

1105, 1286, 1556) 66-7 

Semitic Race 34 

Seneca Indian, (No. 1516) 72 

Sepoy 45 

Shawnees, (Nos. 440, 606,691,1210) 67 

Shoshones, (Nos. 1446 to 1449) 67-8 

Singalese 53 

Sioux Indians, (See Dacotas) 58 

Skull from tbe field of Waterloo 27 

Skulls illustrative of growth 103 

Suevic Race 22 

Swedes, (Nos 117, 1247, 1249, 1258, 1486 to 1488) 19 

" Cimbric, (Nos. 1532, 1550) , 20 

" from Finland, (Nos. 1545, 1546) 20 

" " Sudermanland, (Nos. 1547 to 1549) 20 

Swedish Finns, (Nos. 1542 to 1544) 20-1 

Tapuyo Indian, (No. 1254) ?6 

Tasmanian, (No. 1343) 97 

Theban Egyptians, (See Egyptians) 36-9 

Thuggs, (Nos. 712, 713) 45 

Toltecan Race , 76 



112 INDEX. 

Page. 

Trucky Indian, (No. 1446)'. 67 

Turranic Swede, (No. 121) 20 

Unclassified crania 103 

Upsarookas, (Nos. 1228, 1229) 68 

Winnebagos, (Nos. 559, 560) 68 

Vamassees, (Nos. 1214 to 1216) 68 



I 






<c_"' 

<C V 

c cc c<: < 
c <x <crc 

c c cc 

c cc 



^.' 



i <rc 

< e CC ^— «l. r < C«_« 

c< <l<c c < f < c 

CC«£.. 9CCCX 



< C CjCCC 



V 

CCv?<:^C,C c< cc: 
recede c«. Cf. • i cc: 

ccCC '••«: *£L S vc r C< ■ 

cccCCj* C,. Ctu Cc- 

« _. ^C<t CC 

3 CC << 

< Cc 



C <*- <r — : 



< «: cc (ccc < < c <c 
c: <x «o*c: 

<r cc<c«r c 

< **-<<"~ «BC .-c < c CC 

" C c~ C«CT c «r c Ccc 
<t c C<C C. C C <s C 

<C cc CT'^TiC cat CC 

CC cc C<? fTC'C'< c < 



« c< c 
4 c< c 
Cc CCC 
CCC 

ccc c 
ccc < 
reec c 

< re <" 

C cc c 
c ex c 
C 

< << c <^_ 

* cere cC 

< c c -c: 

c ccC 
ccccc ccC- 

j; <r«<r C «£-' 
"<• f • < <4d' 

•^C ■ ( 



c c C«^C>c 

C <«r< 

< c <«C. 

■ <-.c <«c 
etc ««r 

cc <rc < 

- cc «< 



< <*. <rcc ■ 

c ccccc ' 

< C«C«cr< 



r c cc c cl< 

' f ■ C Cc 

cc cc c c «« ccc - 

r < cc< c c 

< «-■ c c o-«aff 

'<>< C CC (< C ■ ■ c,C 

< ccc c 

5 C Ccu< * 

-cc c <cc c cc 
ccc c ccccc o 
/ ccc cc t ccc* 

it? < < ■ • ( C5 < 
( - < c . ■ ■ re «,*< c • 
r <?C( c cC CCCC C.<3S:« c cCcC ■ 
< c* c *c" « c'CC c cac< <f r< 

C<c < «C< c ,<^ ,- 

^citcc c^: ccc* <a cc r« < *» 

Wr <^1 < C<CC«? cr.cc^ « 

^cccrTr c^:- ' c<cc«.^ c«esr< <s 
c^^<fe c <^T < recede ccca:; • c r 
c«c c<r i 

-.' CcCC^c/ c^. 

-v ,< 4r<f<. r «c> r^^T V- c 

<^(C'C C« r *" 

^^cCcvcc cCC 

■c c ^r c kc ccc;-<^ ccc: ^ <s GiOJ 
51 ^-v ceo a c c ^: cc c 

^ ccccc C ; -«^ ' < c 
.< * ccc C"<cc u ccc r ^ < 
* C' < Cc^c <cccc -, <u: c ccc 

^r~- <^C<C <C<< ( - CCCC* CT C <CC 

5 c;rc;ccr<c < r. c cc c ccc 

- "^ c < ■■< ' c <c ; < « ^ r 5- ^5^ 
^ c Cc<^: <x ■ <:<' <^<cc 

<^ . < C <-<t « cy ' C^,« 



. < c< oe 
C < cCdC 
Cl'.c c c cr< < <v c « c 



c c <jsrcc«x: 
r^c: ^e< c c < c ce'e 

cifliCj 1 - •4gTc ccc cS'cr^Cj " 

COC >■ ^&"C c<c < < c 

^,5^" <g C (CC < < 

r cc < « 
<_< c cc <r c 

i c «.' o <• . 
cc a ccc <: 

-y: « <CC C' - 
C CCc vCC C « << 

,^r«r' <cc «c « 
«ccr< c <tc <rc ccc c 

-- ccc \CC cc <c " 
r< CCc ccc cCc. r c^ 
C3C-C cc< cC < * 
CC < <T C CC.C ccc < 

^ «:« c< C CCcc^L 
c Ccc ^c cCc: CC>C<1 ■ 

- -v. « 



Cjr ccc <c 

c<\ ccc «i, 

C Cc< «d 



r^cc 

cc<r • c 

cCc 'CC<ff< 

C r C c 

rcc • c 
rc c< 



r< c. 

c< < 

CCc< 

CjCci 
*J^ c c CCc 
<C <CC car *3CT< C c ccc- 
C <CC CC ^dc it C CCc 
C CCC cc «3C:c <: c cc 
<c ccc cc <Ml< < . cc 
<L ^CC cC<5Cc CC CC 



'CC 

1/cc^ c c 

JlCi.CC < 

C cc « « « 
c< 

c < ' 
cc 

o < CC < 

" C c CC 
. c C C 

■cc CCC 
CC CC< 

c cc< 

C<' ccc 
<c^.C ccc 
CCC-CCC 
— cc c " 
c <C C< 



cc^ 

cc: 
cc 






ccc; 
c c< 

< <Cc < 

< <J 

c Cc 
C C 



<£' C "C C < ^cr 

( . *- <^ 

f« C C'C^-'c CC 
Cc C CC 

c c ' c <r*r<< 

:-c < 

pi ccc c c 
irc< c <^ c 

^ r< C c C C ^^C 

_jp.cr« <* c^r-c - 

F C< C C C ' < C<C C 

c c c < - <3C C 

< C< Cc .< 

- c < o < <i ' 

CC' ( « - 

. - /< c c ' c c ■ <jr C 



CC<5 ccc 

c c < a 

«<rc «rcc cc 

c < << c ccc 

c< (CCC CCc 

c C cCC<I. CCc 

-cc a €<Z cc c 

:CC CC C CC < 



c <C c 

c ^c < 



•cCC_ 
< « < 

CCC « < < 
< < <-* C 
* c< C 



<: c c « cC CC c c 

CCc cC OCT C Ct C .C« 

ccc cere ccc ccct 

CC< <c cc cc c cc< 

cc c a ccC cc c c« 



c 



i cc« 

i c C"< 

< c c <^ 

c C C « 

cC< CCc 

c c 
c c 

C CC 



r^ 



«c c< c 
cc? re C 

«-• . c c 

* CC< C 

< 

c - 
cc 
! 
c c c 



dec 
d <c 

<5C«c C: - 

cc- <c c - 

CCC c 

<C«C c<cc 

CC-CJC < «r < 

CC(CO 

<:cc<l c 



^c c ^C_ ■ 



: C«C<Cc 
CCCCC 



c <: «c<:ccc <Z<z r 

< <2 «C<I <ic ■:<: <C .<r C 



: cc c <: c 

- <x c cc 
cccc: <^«c 
cc ceo c <r<«: 
cc Cjcc C CCC 

cccc <c&c:.. 
L <cc ccc c ««£: 
:i .ocr<: «-*-<- ^cr 



r; < « 

r <:«i<< acre: 

< <^c c<ccc <<sr ' i' 
ccc otxc «< 



<3r~xr~c c<cr t» 

-en crc . <r <;<"- 
"«ccc 
_<< «*sr<coc 

i <C «C§! <Cc < 

CCycCCCcCcC 
•3 < «< <C 



c «rc 



r 'c«c<r'^K 






«3§c. 



T : < CtC < ^<CCC< 


<c 


-7 <T <c<^,«C <-</- e 


« c 


"v «rr<3*c:c<^w<r CI 


<r C 


r <r <5C < <*r «cr o 


c C 


c crcci-xrcr c 


< <£ 


< CI CC V«r.C C 


< C: 


C< <£TCC--<C "^ CC ' r ' 


-c <r~o«c ^<rvi««. 


<■ cr 


;: <r<c^"<'<£<C-"c< 


cr 


<Z«3^l«r< r. 


C 


■ *crOG'<§, C < «C< 


<il 


<er<3ii r€ <r r cc 


c 


<r«3r«c<t c «cc 


cr 


<C <<3 cc; c c «sc<s 


<r 


. <c cc etc cc.<< "« 


<iC 


<£~ CC-CC CC?'' C 


<I 


. <g: <c c«r c«bsk; c 


<zn 




:< ^ 


.<^<</€CC«*C£j 


■-^BZ 


E <SC <& <C I^£v 


F ^ 


- cc dc/<rcr<^:^ 


^ 


^ -<3C <r^ <rcc^Cl .< 


: ^*« 


=VCC :~<S75ir< "^CI^ 


'^L 


^ <ZZ4BZZ'*£^S 


■ *ti 


< c cc cC«8r<"<SC_ <^ 


«Bi 


> CC <<Si*Tc<S^_c . 
CCC c^:«Cc<3C CI< 


.? 


CCC cc <c«5 ". CL< 


ccc cccrcc^. cc < 


< ^Dl 


cc<c cr cccc«^ <c 


^C! 


"< c «gr <Tc <<<<<+C <5 


<m 


cccc^ ^:«^. cr 


0k 


^C<SC <:« CC<<S: <3 


:: c <■ 


r<CCC c <sg§t.. CC 


c *i 


rcc<cc ".<i^" : cc: 


CH 



-ccc <- CC < < f 
:ccc <x C«. 
^ccCCC <T> C*cc « 
- c<^: c<C<Ov c t CC 

c <;<r <'-<v<- <:<: ^c c_ <r< < <t '<c 
<-c <3-"«s3i5?sc cric'cr c <-< r<c • 
c Clc<:c<:<? <«t; CCCC < <~< ■ <"<•< * 
•c< a <a r <r<c <:<r" cc c cc - < 

< < d.<3S05T CCCC -' c? ■■ c 

< c_ c ^^<r<3f ^ c «^" 
' c carcc CT<^ clc ■ C ; • 

^c^fccoc C'CTl'-c. r 
c "c ^5-<£<r*a: cr-c c^c • • 
* < cc^cxir <r~«c 

< <rc <dv ccc cc- <m 

c cc <c«i-c«rc CCv «'<<:<■ 

-<<<<./< <r'<c: <ZC:3 <3 c^c. 

c c <<'*a?c <r <cr" CC"C> < < • 
r c <^ <?<3cT<c «scr <zci«- c? • 
cc--cc«iCr<<^ <TCZcc< 
crc; oseaf cr <scr CC«c < 
cc c<r<sc(C.c'^CI <C"cr >.c<(? ^ a 

cc <c^rc"c- 

C «?C<C C< 

CC <C a" c < 

CC «<?• cr C" < 

< C «<s KS r **BCZ" 

c *r c«3c: <r c c>c«r ^d/_c:<c: 
^-r<c <z<<*mr' r *szl~< <?<--• ^cr-C5r 
<c cas; c^^^ ^E_r c< ■ «i«r C <T 
r c^xc^sr <^cvkr< ^C" c^^C 7 ' 
nrC'c^> « «i:<^;- 

r -"<;-■ cc «sc <£<&CZL 
ic«C 

ICC 

^<C 

.«: 
z c«: 



C^ C<C"<T 

cr.<C^ 
c <fcr 

CC <jC 



--c c^ 

c ce 



■'«C •• 

*ci^c«= 



CCCc c 

leered ij^-S£- 

c c^d - 

tjee c<SC 

< c<c ac« 
<cccr c<sci. <^c 

rvr«rC_CC c:<^ 

cCTCjCC" c^Cl 3 

- CI < C? « ^C <^C- 



3IV«C "C 

<cci <: 

ccc c. 

'<ccr 

"«CdC c 



<v« C 

■ ■ - C 

cic re 
< c c< C 



<cc «C r c 
,rc -ccCT^^ 

, C <4 CV3CIC C* 
c^C v C 
' CrC3' C^-' 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS $ 



II II II I II I III III I I II I II I 
II || II III III III I I IN H I H 

029 726 861 2 




